scholarly journals Daily physical activity and macronutrient distribution of low-calorie diets jointly affect body fat reduction in obese women

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanza Matilde López-Fontana ◽  
Almudena Sánchez-Villegas ◽  
Miguel Angel Martínez-Gonzalez ◽  
José Alfredo Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Composition Changes

Inadequate dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be important factors in predisposing people to obesity. This study analyzed the potential interaction between habitual physical activity and the carbohydrate (CHO)-fat distribution in 2 hypocaloric diets and the impact of such interplay on body composition changes. Forty healthy obese women, 20–50 years old, were randomly assigned to a high- or low-CHO energy-restricted diet, which was low or high in fat, respectively, during 10 weeks. Baseline and final measurements were performed to assess dietary habits, resting metabolic rate, and body composition changes. Physical activity was measured with a triaxial accelerometer and with a questionnaire. There were no significant differences in anthropometric and metabolic variables between both dietary groups at baseline. However, there was a positive correlation between total free-living physical activity and arm muscle preservation after 10 weeks (r = 0.371; p = 0.024). Interestingly, an interaction between macronutrient (CHO–fat distribution) intake and physical activity was found, since less-active subjects with a high-CHO–low-fat diet showed a greater fat loss than those more active with a lower-CHO–high-fat diet, whereas more-active subjects with a high-CHO–low-fat diet showed a smaller fat loss than those receiving a low-CHO–high-fat diet. Physical activity and the macronutrient content of energy-restricted diets, when designed to promote body fat mass reduction, should be considered together to better predict the outcome.

scholarly journals Less is more? Ultra-low carbohydrate diet and working dogs’ performance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261506
Author(s):  
Arnon Gal ◽  
Williams Cuttance ◽  
Nick Cave ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos ◽  
Aaron Herndon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Delta G

New Zealand farm working dogs are supreme athletes that are crucial to agriculture in the region. The effects that low or high dietary carbohydrate (CHO) content might have on their interstitial glucose (IG) and activity during work are unknown. The goals of the study were to determine if the concentration of IG and delta-g (a measurement of activity) will be lower in dogs fed an ultra-low CHO high fat diet in comparison to dogs fed a high CHO low fat diet, and to determine if low concentrations of IG are followed by reduced physical activity. We hypothesized that feeding working farm dogs an ultra-low CHO diet would reduce their IG concentrations which in turn would reduce physical activity during work. We prospectively recruited 22 farm dogs from four farms. At each farm, dogs were randomized to one of two diets and had a month of dietary acclimation to their allocated diet. The macronutrient proportions as a percentage of metabolizable energy (%ME) for the high CHO low fat diet (Diet 1) were 23% protein, 25% fat, and 52% CHO, and for the ultra-low CHO high fat diet (Diet 2) 37% protein, 63% fat, and 1% CHO. Following the acclimation period, we continuously monitored IG concentrations with flash glucose monitoring devices, and delta-g using triaxial accelerometers for 96 h. Dogs fed Diet 2 had a lower area under the curve (±SE) for IG (AUC Diet 2 = 497 ± 4 mmol/L/96h, AUC Diet 1 = 590 ± 3 mmol/L/96h; P = 0.002) but a higher area under the curve (±SE) for delta-g (AUC Diet 2 = 104,122 ± 6,045 delta-g/96h, AUC Diet 1 = 80,904 ± 4,950 delta-g/96h; P< 0.001). Interstitial glucose concentrations increased as the activity level increased (P < 0.001) and were lower for Diet 2 within each activity level (P < 0.001). The overall incidence of low IG readings (< 3.5 mmol/L) was 119/3810 (3.12%), of which 110 (92.4%) readings occurred in the Diet 2 group (P = 0.001). In the Diet 2 group, 99/110 (90%) of the low IG events occurred during the resting period (19:00–06:00). We conclude that feeding Diet 2 (ultra-low CHO high fat diet) to working farm dogs was associated with increased delta-g despite decreased IG concentrations. Interstitial glucose concentrations were positively associated with dogs’ activity levels independent of diet. Lastly, events of low IG occurred at a low incidence and were predominantly seen between 19:00–06:00 in dogs fed the ultra-low CHO high fat diet.

scholarly journals Male mice that lack the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR41 have low energy expenditure and increased body fat content

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 1755-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bellahcene ◽  
Jacqueline F. O'Dowd ◽  
Ed T. Wargent ◽  
Mohamed S. Zaibi ◽  
David C. Hislop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Body Lean Mass

SCFA are produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates. Activation of the Gαi-protein-coupled receptor GPR41 by SCFA in β-cells and sympathetic ganglia inhibits insulin secretion and increases sympathetic outflow, respectively. A possible role in stimulating leptin secretion by adipocytes is disputed. In the present study, we investigated energy balance and glucose homoeostasis in GPR41 knockout mice fed on a standard low-fat or a high-fat diet. When fed on the low-fat diet, body fat mass was raised and glucose tolerance was impaired in male but not female knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Soleus muscle and heart weights were reduced in the male mice, but total body lean mass was unchanged. When fed on the high-fat diet, body fat mass was raised in male but not female GPR41 knockout mice, but by no more in the males than when they were fed on the low-fat diet. Body lean mass and energy expenditure were reduced in male mice but not in female knockout mice. These results suggest that the absence of GPR41 increases body fat content in male mice. Gut-derived SCFA may raise energy expenditure and help to protect against obesity by activating GPR41.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE MODULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew John Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity

This research investigated the role of the intestinal microbiota in shaping host food intake and body weight through immunomodulation, the impact of refined and unrefined diets, and though fermentable fibre induced gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide activating TLR4 has been proposed to contribute to obesity. To investigate this, TLR4-/- or CD14-/- mice and C57BL/6J controls were fed a high-fat or low-fat diet. Neither TLR4-/- or CD14-/- were protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity. High-fat diet increased hypothalamic expression of SerpinA3N and SOCS3 regardless of genotype; however, inflammatory gene expression was not increased. To investigate the use of chow control diets in obesity-associated microbiota changes, C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow diet, refined high-fat, or low-fat diet. Both high-fat and low-fat refined diets resulted in similar dramatic alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota at the phylum, family, and species level compared to chow, while only high-fat diet feeding resulted in obesity and glucose intolerance. The roles of colonic GLP-1 and PYY in mediating fermentable fibre in reducing food intake and body fat were investigated using GLP-1R-/- and PYY-/- mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with inulin or cellulose. Inulin supplementation reduced body fat and food intake in C57BL/6J control mice while GLP-1R-/- and PYY-/- mice showed an attenuated response to dietary inulin. In summary, this research questions the role of TLR4 and LPS in diet-induced obesity. These results demonstrate the importance of the control diet used in studies of obesity in mice and indicate that many of the obesity-associated changes in the gut microbiota are due to comparing refined high-fat diets with chow diets. These results also provide evidence for an essential role for both GLP-1 and PYY in mediating the food intake and bodyweight-reducing effects of fermentable fibre.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary fat on fat metabolism and body Fat deposition in meal-feeding and nibbling rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Pads

1. An experiment was done with rats (body-weight 160 g) to study the effects on fat metabolism and body composition of low (10 g/kg)- or high (140 g/kg)-fat diets fed as one meal for one 4 h period/d (meal-feeders) or as six spaced meals/d (nibblers). The daily energy intake/unit metabolic body-weight (body-weight0.73) was the same for all four groups, and this level of intake was about 80% of that consumed by rats allowed unrestricted access to the low-fat diet. The experimental period was 76 d.2. Rats given the high-fat diet deposited more body fat/d and, as a result, grew faster and were energetically more efficient than rats given the low-fat diet. The high-fat diet depressed de novo lipogenesis from glucose in epididymal and perirenal fat pads, whose fatty acid composition resembled that of the diet.3. For both diets meal-feeders had greater stomach plus small intestine weights than nibblers and had higher plasma free fatty acid levels, when they were killed 15 h after their last meal.4. Meal-feeders given the low-fat diet had the greatest rate of lipogenesis for fat pads.5. Meal-feeders given the high-fat diet deposited less of the main dietary fatty acids in their fat pads.6. There was no evidence that meal-feeders eating a high-fat diet adapt their metabolism so completely that they become more efficient utilizers than those nibbling this diet. Meal-feeders eating the low-fat diet became no fatter than nibblers of this diet, possibly because they were eating less than their daily ad lib. intake.

Metformin prevents airway hyperreactivity in rats with dietary obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina N. Calco ◽  
Becky J. Proskocil ◽  
David B. Jacoby ◽  
Allison D Fryer ◽  
Zhenying Nie
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Airway Hyperreactivity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Dietary Obesity

Increased insulin is associated with obesity-related airway hyperreactivity and asthma. We tested whether the use of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug used to reduce insulin resistance, can reduce circulating insulin, thereby preventing airway hyperreactivity in rats with dietary obesity. Male and female rats were fed a high- or low-fat diet for 5 weeks. Some male rats were simultaneously treated with metformin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). In separate experiments, after 5 weeks of a high-fat diet, some rats were switched to a low-fat diet, while others continued a high-fat diet for an additional 5 weeks. Bronchoconstriction and bradycardia in response to bilateral electrical vagus nerve stimulation or to inhaled methacholine were measured in anesthetized and vagotomized rats. Body weight, body fat, caloric intake, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. Vagally-induced bronchoconstriction was potentiated only in male rats on a high-fat diet. Males gained more body weight, body fat, and had increased levels of fasting insulin, compared to females. Metformin prevented development of vagally-induced airway hyperreactivity in male rats on high-fat diet, in addition to inhibiting weight gain, fat gain and increased insulin. In contrast, switching rats to a low-fat diet for 5 weeks reduced body weight and body fat, it did not reverse fasting glucose, fasting insulin or potentiation of vagally-induced airway hyperreactivity. These data suggest that medications that target insulin may be effective treatment for obesity-related asthma.

Abstract 480: Exacerbation of Arterial Stiffness in Obese Adiponectin Deficient Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Murali ◽  
Carla Taylor ◽  
Peter Zahradka ◽  
Jeffrey Wigle
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Background and Objective: Arterial stiffness is recognized as being an independent predictor of incipient vascular disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. In obese subjects, the decrease in the plasma level of adiponectin, an anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine, is well known. Hence the aim of our study was to examine the effect of loss of adiponectin on the development of arterial stiffness in response to a high fat diet. Methods and Results: Male 8-week old adiponectin knockout (APN KO) and C57BL/6 (control) mice were fed a high fat diet (60% Calories from fat) for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance (n=10/group). APN KO and C57BL/6 mice were fed a low fat diet (10% Calories from fat) and used as lean controls (n=10/group). After 12 weeks on the high fat diet, the APN KO mice weighed significantly more than the C57BL/6 mice (45.1±1.3 g vs 40.1±1.1 g, p=0.0008) but there was no difference in the final weights between genotypes fed the low fat diet. APN KO mice on both high and low fat diets for 12 weeks developed insulin resistance as measured by oral glucose tolerance test (Area under curve (AUC) mmol/L х min = 437±70 and 438±57) as compared to the C57BL/6 mice fed low or high fat diets (AUC mmol/L х min = 251±27 and 245±43). Arterial stiffness was determined by Doppler pulse wave velocity analysis of the femoral artery. Pulse wave velocity was increased in APN KO mice fed a high fat diet relative to those fed the low fat diet (12.56±0.78 cm/s vs 9.47±0.95 cm/s, p=0.0035; n=8-10). Pulse wave velocity was not different between C57BL/6 control mice on the low or high fat diets (10.63±0.73 cm/s and 10.86±0.50 cm/s), thus revealing that only mice deficient in adiponectin developed arterial stiffness in response to high fat diet. Conclusions: Potentiation of the vascular stiffness in diet-induced obese APN KO mice indicates that adiponectin has a role in modulating vascular structure and the APN KO mouse models the vascular changes that occur in human obesity and metabolic disorders. Morphometric analysis of the aortic tissues for vessel thickness and expression of extracellular proteins will further validate the potential role of adiponectin on the maintenance of arterial elasticity in addition to its known effect on eNOS mediated vasoprotection.

scholarly journals Influence of gender on OVA-induced airway inflammation in C57/B6J mice on a high-fat diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 205873921876094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Yu ◽  
Lili Zhu ◽  
Haiyan Li ◽  
Youyou Shao ◽  
Lei Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Asthma Group

Overweight/obesity has been suggested as a risk factor for asthma development, and prospective studies have confirmed that high body weight precedes asthma symptoms. However, the nature of the association between overweight/obese status and asthma remains unclear. Animal models of obesity-related asthma are very useful for understanding disease pathophysiology. Although C57/B6J mice are the most widely used animal model for researching obesity-related asthma, gender differences are not always taken into consideration. Therefore, to explore the effect of gender on the development of obesity-related asthma, both female and male C57/B6J mice were used in this study. The mice were fed with a high-fat diet or a low-fat diet as control. Body weight, body length, liver weight, and Lee’s Index were used to evaluate obesity status, and lung histology, lung inflammatory cells infiltration, and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined for asthma evaluation. We found that the mean body weight of male mice on a high-fat diet gradually increased and was significantly higher than control male mice on a low-fat diet ( P < 0.01), while no significant differences were found between female mice at the end of 12 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, the obese asthma group female and male mice exhibited significantly high inflammatory cells infiltration than normal weight or obese female and male mice ( P < 0.01). However, the obese asthma group presented higher Neu infiltration, Th1 cytokine, and interferon gamma (IFNγ) concentrations in BALF than the asthma group in both the genders ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, both female and male mice are suitable for the obesity-related asthma model, although male mice might be more stable. Besides, obesity-related asthma is not Th2 type asthma.

scholarly journals SERUM LIPID PROFILE;

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ANWAR BURIRO ◽  
MUHAMMAD TAYYAB
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Lipid Fractions

Objective: To determine the effects of Nigella sativa and sunflower oil diet intake on serum lipid profile in albino rats. Material& Methods: Eighty four albino rats with equal number of males and females were selected for the study, they were divided into six differentgroups, Control groups1,111,V,were given low fat diet(3%),high fat diet(20%), high fat diet supplemented with bile salt (1% colic acid) andantithyroid drug (0.5% propylthiouracil). The Experimental groups were given the above diets with supplemented Nigella sativa. Low fat dietincreased all the lipid fractions significantly when given at12 and 24 weeks duration as compared to 0 week. Results: The high fat diet whengiven at different intervals decreased all lipid fractions significantly as compared to baseline level. The high fat diet with propylthiouracil andbile salt also increased all the lipid fractions and the increase was more as compared to previous groups. The supplements of Nigella sativain the groups decreased all the lipid fractions significantly as compared to the control groups except HDL-c, which was significantly increasedin all the experimental groups as compared to control groups. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings conclusions are made, that Nigellasativa has got TG,TC, and LDL-c lowering and HDL-c raising effects.3% sunflower oil low fat diet has got TG,TC,HDL-c, and LDL-c raisingeffects.20% sunflower oil high fat diet has got TG,TC,HDL-c and LDL-c lowering effects. Both Nigella sativa and sunflower oil have got lowatherogenic index (TC/HDL) and may be recommended in hyperlipidaemic patients or normal individuals.

Energy Expenditure and Body Fat Distribution in Mohawk Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
Mary Kaskoun ◽  
Rachel Johnson ◽  
Charlene Martinez ◽  
Benson Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Sex modulates hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to high-fat diet and physical activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. E298-E311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin S. McCoin ◽  
Alex Von Schulze ◽  
Julie Allen ◽  
Kelly N. Z. Fuller ◽  
Qing Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Transcriptional Coactivator ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mitochondrial Adaptations

The impact of sexual dimorphism and mitophagy on hepatic mitochondrial adaptations during the treatment of steatosis with physical activity are largely unknown. Here, we tested if deficiencies in liver-specific peroxisome proliferative activated-receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a transcriptional coactivator of biogenesis, and BCL-2/ADENOVIRUS EIB 19-kDa interacting protein (BNIP3), a mitophagy regulator, would impact hepatic mitochondrial adaptations (respiratory capacity, H2O2production, mitophagy) to a high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD plus physical activity via voluntary wheel running (VWR) in both sexes. Male and female wild-type (WT), liver-specific PGC-1α heterozygote (LPGC-1α), and BNIP3 null mice were thermoneutral housed (29–31°C) and divided into three groups: sedentary-low-fat diet (LFD), 16 wk of (HFD), or 16 wk of HFD with VWR for the final 8 wk (HFD + VWR) ( n = 5–7/sex/group). HFD did not impair mitochondrial respiratory capacity or coupling in any group; however, HFD + VWR significantly increased maximal respiratory capacity only in WT and PGC-1α females. Males required VWR to elicit mitochondrial adaptations that were inherently present in sedentary females including greater mitochondrial coupling control and reduced H2O2production. Females had overall reduced markers of mitophagy, steatosis, and liver damage. Steatosis and markers of liver injury were present in sedentary male mice on the HFD and were effectively reduced with VWR despite no resolution of steatosis. Overall, reductions in PGC-1α and loss of BNIP3 only modestly impacted mitochondrial adaptations to HFD and HFD + VWR with the biggest effect seen in BNIP3 females. In conclusion, hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to HFD and treatment of HFD-induced steatosis with VWR are more dependent on sex than PGC-1α or BNIP3.

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