Performing Triple and Quadruple Figure Skating Jumps: Implications for Training

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. King
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
Propulsion Phase ◽  
Muscle Actions

The purpose of this paper is to review the biomechanics of triple and quadruple figure skating jumps, focusing on information that has implications for strength and conditioning programs. At a minimum, to complete the required revolutions in a jump, a skater must balance the average angular velocity with the time in the air. Vertical velocity at takeoff is similar in high revolution jumps to that in low revolution jumps; however, when comparing skaters of different abilities, those with higher abilities generate greater vertical velocities at takeoff for the same type of jump. Powerful extension of the legs is the primary factor in generating vertical velocity. Some jumps use asymmetrical extension of both legs, while other jumps involve extension of only one leg. Angular velocity is controlled primarily by the skater's moment of inertia, which means skaters must forcefully arrest the motion of the arms and legs after the propulsion phase and then quickly position the arms and legs close to the axis of rotation during flight. Training exercises that emphasize eccentric and concentric muscle actions and which are adaptable to asymmetrical or unilateral motions, such as box jumps and medicine ball throws, are a crucial component to off-ice training programs for figure skaters. Key words: ice skating, biomechanics, power, technique, strength, conditioning

Takeoff Characteristics of Single and Double Axel Figure Skating Jumps

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne J. Albert ◽  
Doris I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Support Leg

Takeoff kinematics of axel jumps were determined from a spatial analysis of singles and doubles performed by 16 figure skaters. The takeoff was divided into glide, transition, and pivot phases. During the glide, horizontal speed remained constant, vertical velocity was slightly negative, and over half the angular momentum for flight was generated. In the transition, skaters gained considerable vertical velocity from tangential motion by rotating about the long axis of the blade, Initially this reduced the angle of the support leg with respect to the vertical while the blade ran in the direction of progression. Most skaters continued to gain vertical velocity by angling the blade to the direction of progression (skidding) and rotating up and forward, still about the blade's long axis. There was little angular momentum gain, and forward speed decreased significantly. In the pivot, skaters rocked forward onto the toe picks losing horizontal speed, vertical velocity, and angular momentum.

Atmospheric vertical velocity - a crucial component in understanding proximal deposition of volcanic ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 566 ◽  
pp. 116980
Author(s):  
Alexandros P. Poulidis ◽  
Sébastien Biass ◽  
Gholamhossein Bagheri ◽  
Tetsuya Takemi ◽  
Masato Iguchi
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Crucial Component

Women, men, and five Olympic rings: An examination of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-766
Author(s):  
Qingru Xu ◽  
Andrew Billings ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Rui Jin ◽  
Sitong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Biological Sex

This study conducts a content analysis on Chinese Central Television’s broadcasting of figure skating, short track speed skating, and freestyle skiing—the three most popular winter sports in the People’s Republic of China—at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics from the perspective of biological sex. A full examination of 100% (over 37 h) of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast coverage was analyzed in terms of clock-time, name-mentions, and descriptors. In each sport examined, female athletes received less clock-time and fewer name-mentions compared to their male counterparts. However, in the analysis of 7765 descriptors, relatively few significant differences between depictions of male and female athletes were uncovered, potentially explained by the Communist legacy of erasing women’s feminine characteristics and the relatively equal number of male and female commentators in Chinese Central Television’s sports newsrooms. Also, compared to many Western countries, male figure skaters in the People’s Republic of China received more clock-time and name-mentions, possibly attributed to cultural differences in defining ideal masculinity across East Asia and the West.

scholarly journals Validity of an inertial device for measuring linear and angular velocity in a leg extension exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Alejandro Bastida-Castillo ◽  
Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte ◽  
Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Linear Velocity ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Training Exercises

Traditionally, linear transducers have been used to evaluate resistance exercise with linear displacement. The current problem is the assessment of exercises with curvilinear displacement. For this reason, new devices should be assessed during training sessions. The purpose was to evaluate (1) the concurrent validity of mean linear velocity and (2) the convergent validity of mean angular velocity measured by an inertial device during a leg extension exercise. Ten elite-level football players completed six series of five repetitions of a leg extension exercise. WIMU PRO™ inertial device and GymAware® linear transducers as criterion measure were used to register data. To assess concurrent validity, the bias of the inertial device measures of velocity was analyzed with Bland–Altman plots with limits of agreement set at 95%. Convergent validity of inertial device measures of velocity was assessed with Pearson’s correlation analysis. Concurrent analysis showed a nearly perfect validity between linear transducers and inertial device in linear ( Bias = –0.011 ± 0.006) and angular velocity (–0.34 ± 2.08). A nearly perfect Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient between an inertial device and linear transducers in linear velocity ( r = 0.999) and between an inertial device and linear transducers (calculated) in angular velocity ( r = 0.999) was found. In conclusion, WIMU PRO is valid for measuring linear and angular velocity during two-dimensional linear and rotational motions of exercise equipment. This device can be used as a useful tool to assess movement velocity in resistance training exercises, even in curvilinear movements when linear transducers have obvious limitations.

An In-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: II. Sources of Enjoyment

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
Gary L. Stein ◽  
Kenneth Ravizza
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Question Asking ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Depth Study

This study investigated the sources of sport enjoyment for elite figure skaters. These elite athletes were 26 former national championship competitors who currently coach figure skating. The skaters were interviewed and answered an open-ended question asking them for their sources of enjoyment during the most competitive phase of their skating careers. Each source of enjoyment mentioned was probed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the source. The data, 418 quotes, were drawn from verbatim transcriptions of the interviews and were inductively content analyzed. Content analysis organizes the quotes into increasingly more complex themes and categories representing sources of enjoyment. Four major sources of enjoyment emerged from the data—social and life opportunities, perceived competence, social recognition of competence, and the act of skating. The findings (a) demonstrated that elite figure skaters derive enjoyment from numerous and diverse sources reflecting the achievement, social, and movement aspects of sport, (b) provided greater depth of understanding for new and previously indicated sources of enjoyment, and (c) uncovered new psychological constructs.

Body Physique and Composition in Premenarchal Ballerinas and Female Athletes in Aesthetic Sports

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Marjeta Misigoj-Durakovic ◽  
Vlatko Vucetic ◽  
Zijad Durakovic ◽  
Jasenka Wolf-Cvitak ◽  
Branka Matkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnasts

Ballet, rhythmic gymnastics, and figure skating are disciplines that are begun early in childhood and pose high demands on the performers’ functional and energy capacities, which may influence the development of the body's physique and composition. This study investigated whether differences in the body's physique and composition were preexistent in young, premenarchal ballerinas and female athletes in aesthetic sport disciplines before training was started. Twenty-four anthropometric measurements were made of body physique and composition, and body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage were calculated. The groups of premenarchal dancers and athletes did not differ significantly in body height, body mass, or BMI. They also showed similarities in skeletal measurements, with the exception of ankle diameter. In measurements sensitive to specific training loads, significant differences were found, most notably in figure skaters, who had markedly greater arm circumferences than did ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts. Ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts did not have significant differences in soft tissues measurements, with the exception of the calf skinfold thickness, which was significantly greater in ballerinas. Skinfold thickness and body fat percentage were higher in skaters than in rhythmic gymnasts and ballerinas. Young ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts were more slender with lower skinfold values and limb circumferences than skaters.

Single-Subject Evaluation of a Self-Talk Package for Improving Figure Skating Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Ming ◽  
Garry L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Self Talk

A self-talk package was used to improve performance of compulsory figures by prenovice- and novice-level figure skaters. The study included ongoing objective behavioral assessment across practices of the figure skating performance as well as the extent to which the skaters actually utilized the self-talk. A multi-element design with multiple baseline replications across 4 participants demonstrated that improvements were due to the treatment. Self-report follow-up at 1 year indicated that the participants continued to utilize the selftalk during practices and that they believed that it enhanced their test and/or competitive performance. The results support the view that planned self-talk can aid skill acquisition. Results are conceptualized in terms of rule-governed control over behavior, which may provide a useful framework for enabling sport psychologists to increase the efficacy of self-talk interventions.

Shear layers in a rotating fluid

1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. James Baker
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Shear Layer ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Homogeneous Fluid ◽  
Rotating System ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
Good Agreement

A homogeneous fluid of viscosityvis confined between two co-axial disks (vertical separationH) which rotate relative to a rotating system (angular velocity Ω). The resulting velocity field is studied for values of the parameterv/2ΩH2in the range 1·6 × 10−2to 1·8 × 10−3. The Rossby number, defined as the ratio of the relative angular velocity of the disks to the angular velocity of the system, ranged from 0·038 to 0·0041. The dependence of the resulting velocity field (interior and boundary-layer flow) on geometrical parameters, imposed surface and bottom velocities, and Ω, is in good agreement with the calculations of Stewartson and Carrier. In particular, when the two disks rotate with the same angular velocity, the width of the vertical shear layer at the edge of the disks is found to be proportional to Ω−0·25±0·02. When the disks rotate in opposite senses, a shear layer in the vertical velocity is observed which transports fluid from one disk to the other and whose width is proportional to Ω−0·40±0·10. The magnitude and shape of the observed vertical velocity is in fair agreement with a numerical integration of the theoretical results.

Effects of Selected Mental Practice on Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Competition Confidence of Figure Skaters

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Garza ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
Self Confidence

This study examined the effectiveness of mental practice techniques for improving figure skating performance, self-efficacy, and self-confidence for competition. Two interventions, paper freestyle drawing (PFD) and walk through on floor (WTF), were compared to a stretching control group. Participants (n = 27), ages 10 to 18 years, were members of the United States Figure Skating Association and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The study included procedural reliability checks such as pre- and post-manipulation checks; structured seminars; and homework workbooks. Results indicated that the two mental practice groups significantly improved their performance ratings in jumps and spins, and their competition confidence compared to the stretching control group. Results also indicated that the WTF mental practice group increased their spinning self-efficacy beliefs compared to the PFD mental practice treatment and the stretching control group.

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