Exercise and Training in Women, Part I: Influence of Gender on Exercise and Training Responses

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy J. Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Employment Standards ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Hormonal Milieu ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Average Woman

Exercise and training responses in women are briefly reviewed. Part I of the paper considers the influence of gender on such responses. The average woman has a smaller inherent aerobic power and less muscular strength than a man, reflecting sociocultural influences, physical size, body composition, and hormonal milieu. Nevertheless, the best-trained women can out-perform sedentary men. The handicap of the average woman is offset by a lighter body mass and a tendency to metabolize fat rather than carbohydrate during exercise. A lack of anabolic hormones may limit training increases of muscle bulk in the female. A low initial fitness may enhance the scope for training tolerance, but it also limits tolerance of conditioning. Nevertheless, women seem less vulnerable than men to exercise-induced sudden death and overtraining. Part II of the review considers the influence of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy upon exercise and training responses. Physical activity programmes for young women should take account of possible pregnancy. Potential dangers to the foetus include an excessive rise of core body temperature, a decrease of maternal blood sugar, and foetal hypoxia. Nevertheless, regular moderate exercise generally has a favourable impact upon pregnancy outcomes. Key Words: sex differences, sociocultural issues, biological differences, physical activity, conditioning, menstruation, pregnancy, employment standards

scholarly journals The Impact of Central and Peripheral Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Inhibition on Exercise-Induced Elevations in Core Body Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthijs T.W. Veltmeijer ◽  
Dineke Veeneman ◽  
Coen C.C.W. Bongers ◽  
Mihai G. Netea ◽  
Jos W. van der Meer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Core Body ◽  
The Impact

Purpose:Exercise increases core body temperature (TC) due to metabolic heat production. However, the exercise-induced release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) may also contribute to the rise in TC by increasing the hypothalamic temperature set point. This study investigated whether the exercise-induced increase in TC is partly caused by an altered hypothalamic temperature set point.Methods:Fifteen healthy, active men age 36 ± 14 y were recruited. Subjects performed submaximal treadmill exercise in 3 randomized test conditions: (1) 400 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg acetaminophen (IBU/APAP), (2) 1000 mg acetaminophen (APAP), and (3) a control condition (CTRL). Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were used to block the effect of IL-6 at a central and peripheral level, respectively. TC, skin temperature, and heart rate were measured continuously during the submaximal exercise tests.Results:Baseline values of TC, skin temperature, and heart rate did not differ across conditions. Serum IL-6 concentrations increased in all 3 conditions. A significantly lower peak TC was observed in IBU/APAP (38.8°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL (39.2°C ± 0.5°C, P = .02) but not in APAP (38.9°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL. Similarly, a lower ΔTC was observed in IBU/APAP (1.7°C ± 0.3°C) vs CTRL (2.0°C ± 0.5°C, P < .02) but not in APAP (1.7°C ± 0.5°C) vs CTRL. No differences were observed in skin temperature and heart-rate responses across conditions.Conclusions:The combined administration of acetaminophen and ibuprofen resulted in an attenuated increase in TC during exercise compared with a CTRL. This observation suggests that a prostaglandin-E2-induced elevated hypothalamic temperature set point may contribute to the exercise-induced rise in TC.

Effects of exercise on endothelium and endothelium/smooth muscle cross talk: role of exercise-induced hemodynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Newcomer ◽  
Dick H. J. Thijssen ◽  
D. J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
And Training

Physical activity, exercise training, and fitness are associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. In the context that a risk factor “gap” exists in the explanation for the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease, it has recently been proposed that exercise generates hemodynamic stimuli which exert direct effects on the vasculature that are antiatherogenic. In this review we briefly introduce some of the in vitro and in vivo evidence relating exercise hemodynamic modulation and vascular adaptation. In vitro data clearly demonstrate the importance of shear stress as a potential mechanism underlying vascular adaptations associated with exercise. Supporting this is in vivo human data demonstrating that exercise-mediated shear stress induces localized impacts on arterial function and diameter. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise-related changes in hemodynamic stimuli other than shear stress may also be associated with arterial remodeling. Taken together, in vitro and in vivo data strongly imply that hemodynamic influences combine to orchestrate a response to exercise and training that regulates wall stress and peripheral vascular resistance and contributes to the antiatherogenic impacts of physical activity, fitness, and training.

scholarly journals Long-Term Bed Rest Delays the Circadian Phase of Core Body Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Mendt ◽  
Katharina Brauns ◽  
Anika Friedl-Werner ◽  
Daniel L. Belavy ◽  
Mathias Steinach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Core Body

Spaceflight can be associated with sleep loss and circadian misalignment as a result of non-24 h light-dark cycles, operational shifts in work/rest cycles, high workload under pressure, and psychological factors. Head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) is an established model to mimic some of the physiological and psychological adaptions observed in spaceflight. Data on the effects of HDBR on circadian rhythms are scarce. To address this gap, we analyzed the change in the circadian rhythm of core body temperature (CBT) in two 60-day HDBR studies sponsored by the European Space Agency [n = 13 men, age: 31.1 ± 8.2 years (M ± SD)]. CBT was recorded for 36 h using a non-invasive and validated dual-sensor heatflux technology during the 3rd and the 8th week of HDBR. Bed rest induced a significant phase delay from the 3rd to the 8th week of HDBR (16.23 vs. 16.68 h, p = 0.005, g = 0.85) irrespective of the study site (p = 0.416, g = −0.46), corresponding to an average phase delay of about 0.9 min per day of HDBR. In conclusion, long-term bed rest weakens the entrainment of the circadian system to the 24-h day. We attribute this effect to the immobilization and reduced physical activity levels associated with HDBR. Given the critical role of diurnal rhythms for various physiological functions and behavior, our findings highlight the importance of monitoring circadian rhythms in circumstances in which gravity or physical activity levels are altered.

Exercise-induced changes in blood composition of racing reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. R1209-R1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Poso ◽  
M. Nieminen ◽  
S. Sankari ◽  
T. Soveri
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

The responses to near-maximal exercise before and after the training and racing season were examined in reindeer. The reindeer were tested when pulling a driver at a speed of 11-12 m/s for 600 m. The lactate responses were higher before than after training. Similarly, the accumulation of uric acid, a breakdown product of ATP, became attenuated after training. The serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids decreased or did not change after exercise, although an increase in the glycerol concentration indicates activation of lipolysis. The concentration of alanine increased after both tests, and at rest the concentrations of several amino acids, e.g., glutamine, isoleucine, and tyrosine, were higher and the concentrations of serum protein and urea were lower during spring than at the beginning of the training period. It can be concluded that the carbohydrate metabolism of the reindeer responds to exercise and training similarly to that in other athletic species, but further studies are needed to explain the observed changes in lipid and protein metabolites.

Physical exercise-induced changes in the core body temperature of mice depend more on ambient temperature than on exercise protocol or intensity

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Penna Wanner ◽  
Kátia Anunciação Costa ◽  
Anne Danieli Nascimento Soares ◽  
Valbert Nascimento Cardoso ◽  
Cândido Celso Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
The Core ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Core Body

scholarly journals Expert’s Choice: 2018’s Most Exciting Research in the Field of Pediatric Exercise Science

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Eliakim ◽  
Bareket Falk ◽  
Neil Armstrong ◽  
Fátima Baptista ◽  
David G. Behm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Cardiovascular Physiology ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Pulmonary Physiology ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

This commentary highlights 23 noteworthy publications from 2018, selected by leading scientists in pediatric exercise science. These publications have been deemed as significant or exciting in the field as they (a) reveal a new mechanism, (b) highlight a new measurement tool, (c) discuss a new concept or interpretation/application of an existing concept, or (d) describe a new therapeutic approach or clinical tool in youth. In some cases, findings in adults are highlighted, as they may have important implications in youth. The selected publications span the field of pediatric exercise science, specifically focusing on: aerobic exercise and training; neuromuscular physiology, exercise, and training; endocrinology and exercise; resistance training; physical activity and bone strength; growth, maturation, and exercise; physical activity and cognition; childhood obesity, physical activity, and exercise; pulmonary physiology or diseases, exercise, and training; immunology and exercise; cardiovascular physiology and disease; and physical activity, inactivity, and health.

scholarly journals Individualized estimation of human core body temperature using noninvasive measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Laxminarayan ◽  
Vineet Rakesh ◽  
Tatsuya Oyama ◽  
Josh B. Kazman ◽  
Ran Yanovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Heat Injury ◽  
Noninvasive Measurements ◽  
Core Body

A rising core body temperature (Tc) during strenuous physical activity is a leading indicator of heat-injury risk. Hence, a system that can estimate Tc in real time and provide early warning of an impending temperature rise may enable proactive interventions to reduce the risk of heat injuries. However, real-time field assessment of Tc requires impractical invasive technologies. To address this problem, we developed a mathematical model that describes the relationships between Tc and noninvasive measurements of an individual’s physical activity, heart rate, and skin temperature, and two environmental variables (ambient temperature and relative humidity). A Kalman filter adapts the model parameters to each individual and provides real-time personalized Tc estimates. Using data from three distinct studies, comprising 166 subjects who performed treadmill and cycle ergometer tasks under different experimental conditions, we assessed model performance via the root mean squared error (RMSE). The individualized model yielded an overall average RMSE of 0.33 (SD = 0.18)°C, allowing us to reach the same conclusions in each study as those obtained using the Tc measurements. Furthermore, for 22 unique subjects whose Tc exceeded 38.5°C, a potential lower Tc limit of clinical relevance, the average RMSE decreased to 0.25 (SD = 0.20)°C. Importantly, these results remained robust in the presence of simulated real-world operational conditions, yielding no more than 16% worse RMSEs when measurements were missing (40%) or laden with added noise. Hence, the individualized model provides a practical means to develop an early warning system for reducing heat-injury risk. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A model that uses an individual’s noninvasive measurements and environmental variables can continually “learn” the individual’s heat-stress response by automatically adapting the model parameters on the fly to provide real-time individualized core body temperature estimates. This individualized model can replace impractical invasive sensors, serving as a practical and effective surrogate for core temperature monitoring.

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