Genetic resource and the role of international collaboration in rice breeding

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
R K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

The international efforts in rice research have led to self-sufficiency and surpluses in many of the south and southeast Asian countries. The trend must continue to meet the growing demand for rice. The global partnership in plant genetic resources has played a significant role in ensuring long-term preservation of and access by researchers to the gene pool worldwide. Large numbers of high-yielding varieties with resistance to diseases and insect pests have been released by the collaborating countries and have both increased national average yields and stabilized rice production. Now, the yields must increase further, as more rice needs to be produced from less land with less labour and pesticides. The new plant type being developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) seems to have the potential to produce 20-25% more grain than the best of our modern varieties. With the growing complexity of problems, the demand for diverse genetic materials is also increasing. It is no wonder that some of the recently released varieties have genes from as many as 60 or more diverse donors. These developments owe a lot to the free exchange of germplasm among breeders. However, the ever-increasing restrictions on the flow of genetic materials due to political and plant-health requirements pose serious threats to future varietal-improvement programs. Similarly, the problem of genetic erosion continues, and shrinking research support reduces the flexibility of programs. This paper reviews and discusses some of these and other related issues and their implications for rice breeding in the future.Key words: genetic resource, new plant type, marker-aided selection, pedigree complexity, International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER).

Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Improvement as Tools to Develop Sustainable Agriculture

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ceccarelli ◽  
J. Valkoun ◽  
W. Erskine ◽  
S. Weigand ◽  
R. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Plant Improvement ◽  
Low Input

SummaryThis paper addresses the current and future contributions of plant genetic resources and plant improvement to sustainable agriculture with reference to the activities of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in association with national programmes in West Asia and North Africa. These regions constitute the primary centres of diversity of crops such as wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil. Genetic erosion is being curtailed by germplasm collection and preservation. Selection for low-input cultivars of barley is conducted under low input conditions, and new cultivars of lentil and barley are often intentionally heterogeneous to stabilize their performance in dry rainfed areas. The importance of genetic differences in the cultivars on subsequent crops in the rotation and on straw quality for livestock is under study. Insect pests and diseases contribute to yield instability. Because of the potential adverse impact of pesticides on the fragile ecosystems of the region, integrated control strategies based on agronomic management, host plant resistance, biological control agents and strategic use of selective insecticides are being developed.

An Old Pest, a New Solution

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cork ◽  
Malcolm J. Iles ◽  
Nazira Q. Kamal ◽  
J.C. Saha Choudhury ◽  
M. Mahbub Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Field School ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Bangladesh is essentially self-sufficient in rice as a result of the successful adoption of new high-yielding varieties and irrigated summer production over traditional deep-water cultivation practices. The sustainability of the cropping system depends on farmers adopting integrated pest management (IPM) practices in preference to relying solely on insecticides for pest and disease control. Yet insecticide consumption in rice is increasing, in common with other crop-production systems in Bangladesh. It is probably only the poor economic returns from rice cultivation that prevent more widespread use of pesticides. Enlightened agrochemical companies such as Syngenta Bangladesh Limited have recognized that insecticide use in rice should be discouraged, and promote IPM options through their farmer field school (FFS) programme. This paper describes the results of a collaborative project to assist Syngenta to develop and incorporate mass trapping with sex pheromones into their FFS programme as an environmentally benign method of controlling the predominant insect pests of rice, stem borers.

The systematic collection and characterisation of herbaceous forage species for recharge and discharge environments in southern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Hughes ◽  
R. Snowball ◽  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
B. Cohen ◽  
K. Gajda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
New Germplasm ◽  
Herb Species ◽  
Systematic Collection

Australian temperate pasture Genetic Resource Centres (GRCs) co-ordinated a major program to introduce and screen herbaceous forage species. This program aims to expand the environments where such species could reduce recharge and manage discharge for the control of dryland salinity in southern Australia. The sustainability of agriculture, in Australia especially, depends on continued access to new germplasm to enable plant breeders to continue crop and forage improvement. The GRCs supported the selection and identification of promising new legume, grass and herb species as part of a national pasture evaluation program. In total, 671 species and 21 non-species-specific genera were identified as having potential to increase water use profitability of recharge lands and to improve the productivity of saline lands across a diverse range of agricultural environments in southern Australia. Through a series of activities, 201 of these species, representing legumes, herbs and grasses were identified as promising. These were then disseminated for evaluation in a range of environments across southern Australia. The progress of selected species was monitored and germplasm of the most promising 11 species and three leguminous genera was targeted for intensive acquisition and characterisation as the basis for selection and breeding. In addition to the identification and dissemination of promising species of immediate potential, a comprehensive collection of 544 native and exotic, wild and cultivated pasture species was conserved and is now available to service future plant improvement programs.

Conservation of crop germplasm: an overview of the FAO/IBPGR regional programme for South West Asia

1986 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
W. G. Ayad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Crop Germplasm ◽  
Erosion Action

SynopsisThe International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) has paid particular emphasis to SW Asia in its endeavour to collect, conserve and promote utilisation of the world's plant germplasm. This is in view of the region's rich genetic diversity in many crop plants and their weedy/wild relatives, coupled with its alarming rate of genetic erosion. Action during the past decade has focused on collecting mainly cereal and grain legume crops and their closest wild relatives within the framework of a regional programme encompassing six countries. Gene banks were also set up in these member countries to handle a full range of operations including seed storage, characterisation/preliminary evaluation and documentation. In future, emphasis will be placed on ecogeographical surveys prior to mounting collecting missions and on more characterisation/preliminary evaluation work.

Evaluation d’utilités attendues des attributs de cultivars de l’igname: base d’une gestion locale de l’agrobiodiversité de Dioscorea spp au Sud-ouest des Savanes Sèches au Togo (Afrique de l’Ouest)

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 15756-15779
Author(s):  
Gnon Tchein ◽  
Tounou Agbéko Kodjo ◽  
Agboka Komi ◽  
Tchegueni Matotiloa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Afrique De L’Ouest ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Varietal Improvement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Afrique De L'ouest

Objectif : La présente étude vise à évaluer et à prioriser le niveau de satisfaction des utilités attendues des cultivars d’igname auprès 1032 acteurs locaux de la filière igname au Sud-ouest des Savanes Sèches au Togo. Méthodologie et résultats: Le brainstorming, le scoring et les avis d’experts, ont permis la définition de quinze descripteurs d’utilités des cultivars, dont les notes d’appréciation ont révélé une corrélation positive significative entre attributs. L’ensemble des attributs a été priorisé en trois classes selon la loi 80/20 (la loi de Pareto). Valeur marchande, nom de cultivar à connotation d’image et gros et longs tubercules ont constitué la principale classe d’attributs avec des notes moyennes d’utilités significatives et respectivement de 9,52 ; 7,28 et 2,28. Ils ont satisfait à 63,91% des utilités cumulées attendues des attributs de tous les cultivars. De tous, le lieu de production à image de qualité (0,80) et la résilience aux divers stresseurs, (0,34) ont été faiblement apprécié. Les effets de l’âge et du sexe des participants sur les notes d’appréciation de l’utilité n‘ont pas été perçus. Conclusion et application des résultats: Les utilités cumulées attendues ont été satisfaites à 63,91% par 20% des attributs en culture d’igname et une faible atteinte d’utilité cumulée de 36,07% par 80% du reste des attributs. De futurs programmes d’amélioration variétale pourront prendre en compte la satisfaction des utilités attendues des ignames. Une piste de production labélisée des tubercules et de leurs transformations élargies aux potentialités de tous les cultivars peuvent constituer une application à envisager sur la base des présents résultats et limiter ainsi l’érosion génétique de la culture d’igname. Mots clés : ignames, attributs, priorisation, utilités attendues, Savanes Sèches, Togo. Gnon et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Evaluation d’utilités attendues des attributs de cultivars de l’igname : base d’une gestion locale de l’agrobiodiversité de Dioscorea spp au Sud-ouest des Savanes Sèches au Togo (Afrique de l’Ouest) 15765 Evaluation of expected utilities of yam cultivar attributes : a local base for agrobiodiversty management of Dioscorea spp in Southwest Dry Savannahs in Togo (West Africa) ABSTRACT Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate and prioritize the level of satisfaction of the expected utilities of yam cultivars by local actors of the yam sector in the South-West of Dry Savannah in Togo. Methodology and results: The scoring and the expert opinions, allowed the definition of fifteen cultivar attribute descriptors by 1032 actors of the yam sector followed by their prioritization in three distinct classes by the law 80/20. The average utilities of the main attributes: market value, cultivar name with image connotation and large and long tubers were respectively 9.52; 7.28 and 2.28. They represented 63.91% of the expected cumulative utilities of all attributes. The effects of age and sex on expected utility ratings were not seen in this study. Conclusion and application of the findings: 20% of the attributes fulfilled 63.91% of cumulative utilities expected in yam culture and posing the problem of the low cumulative utility of 36.07% by 80% of the attributes. Thus, future research to improve a satisfaction of utilities of the 80% of attributes is necessary. Future varietal improvement programs, may take into account the satisfaction of the expected utilities of yams. A path of labeled production of tubers and their transformations extended to the potential of all cultivars may constitute an application to be considered on the basis of the present results and thus limit the genetic erosion of the yam crop. Keywords: yams, attributes, prioritization, expected utilities, Dry Savannahs, Togo.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the use and impact of germplasm in crop improvement

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. S155-S159 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Upadhyaya ◽  
S. L. Dwivedi ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
N. Lalitha ◽  
S. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Genetic Stocks ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Allelic Variations

Plant genetic resources are raw materials and their use in breeding is one of the most sustainable ways to conserve biodiversity. The ICRISAT has over 120,000 accessions of its five mandate crops and six small millets. The management and utilization of such large diversity are greatest challenges to germplasm curators and crop breeders. New sources of variations have been discovered using core and minicore collections developed at the ICRISAT. About 1.4 million seed samples have been distributed; some accessions with specific attributes have been requested more frequently. The advances in genomics have led researchers to dissect population structure and diversity and mine allelic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits. Genome-wide association mapping in sorghum has revealed significant marker–trait associations for many agronomically beneficial traits. Wild relatives harbour genes for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Resistance to pod borer in chickpea and pigeonpea and resistance to rust and late leaf spot in groundnut have been successfully introgressed into a cultivated genetic background. Synthetics in groundnut are available to broaden the cultigen's gene pool. ICRISAT has notified the release of 266 varieties/cultivars, germplasm, and elite genetic stocks with unique traits, with some having a significant impact on breeding programs. Seventy-five germplasm lines have been directly released for cultivation in 39 countries.

scholarly journals Biotechnology for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Bal Krishna Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Biodiversity ◽  
Agricultural Plant

Agricultural biodiversity is the basis of human life and food security. Nepal with 577 cultivated species possesses huge diversity at varietal as well as landrace levels. In most agricultural crops the rapid genetic erosion due to several reasons is a common phenomenon. Thus, considering the importance of agricultural biodiversity declared by Convention on Biological Diversity for sustainable food production, National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (NAGRC) has been established for conservation and sustainable utilization of agricultural biodiversity. This paper thus delineates the application of biotechnological tools adopted by NAGRC for effective and efficient conservation and use of agricultural plant genetic resources (APGRs). Among the adopted technologies, tissue bank using shoot tip culture of vegetatively propagating and recalcitrant crops eg potato, sugarcane, banana, sweet potato, etc are in function. Under the molecular marker technology, currently random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used for developing DNA profiles, identifying duplicates in the collections, assessing genetic diversity and screening accessions against economic traits. DNA bank has also been created for storing DNA of indigenous crops and these DNA can be accessed for research and study. Genotypic database has been developed for chayote, finger millet, wheat and maize for identification and selection of the accessions.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.3 2017: 49-59

scholarly journals 654 The Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Safeguarding Global Carrying Capacity

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511A-511
Author(s):  
Peter Bretting
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Improvement Programs

Plants provide humans with food, fiber, feed, ornamentals, industrial products, medicine, shelter, and fuel. As vegetation, they maintain global environmental integrity and the carrying capacity for all life. From an anthropocentric perspective, plants serve as genetic resources (PGR) for sustaining the growing human population. Research on PGR can provide basic knowledge for crop improvement or environmental management that enables renewable, sustainable production of the preceding necessities. PGR also provide the raw material for increasing yield and end product's quality, while requiring fewer inputs (water, nutrients, agrichemicals, etc.). The staples of life—30 or so major grain, oilseed, fiber, and timber species—comprise the “thin green line” vital to human survival, either directly, or through trade and income generation. Many crop genebanks worldwide focus on conserving germplasm of these staples as a shield against genetic vulnerability that may endanger economies and humanity on an international scale. Fewer genebanks and crop improvement programs conserve and develop “minor crops,” so called because of their lesser economic value or restricted cultivation globally. Yet, these minor crops, many categorized as horticultural, may be key to human carrying capacity—especially in geographically or economically marginal zones. The USDA/ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) contains a great number and diversity of minor crop germplasm. The NPGS, other genebanks, and minor crop breeding programs scattered throughout the world, help safeguard human global carrying capacity by providing the raw genetic material and genetic improvement infrastructure requisite for producing superior minor crops. The latter may represent the best hope for developing new varieties and crops, new crop rotations, and new renewable products that in the future may enhance producer profitability or even ensure producer and consumer survival.

scholarly journals Türkiye’nin Nesli Tehlike Altında olan Lilium sp. Türleri

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 1796
Author(s):  
Sevim Demir ◽  
Fisun Gürsel Çelikel
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
North East ◽  
The World ◽  
East Anatolia

Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity. However, many plant genetic resources, including geophytes, are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Lilium ciliatum is endemic to North East Anatolia. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources) Red List Category of this species is Endangered (EN). Lilium ciliatum naturally grown in Zigana pass, Bayburt, Trabzon, Bulancak, Giresun and Gümüşhane is endangered and major threats of L. ciliatum are road construction and human disturbance related to ecotourism and recreation. It was reported that Lilium carniolicum naturally grown in Turkey is endangered although it isn’t in the IUCN Red List. Distribution areas of L. carniolicum are Trabzon, Rize, Artvin and it is also endemic to North East Anatolia. These species have high potential for use as ornamental plants with their colorful big flowers. In addition, the bulbs of these species are also used in the cosmetic industry and medicine. These are the main properties that increase the importance of L. ciliatum and L. carniolicum species. Therefore it is very important to protect the habitats of these species, ensure the continuity of their generations. The disappearance of these endemic species from our country means to disappear from the world. This review has been given in order to give some information about the endangered Lilium species of Turkey and conservation actions on these species in Turkey flora and take attention to the issue.

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