The scs and Vi genes correct a syndrome of cytoplasmic effects in alloplasmic durum wheat

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Maan
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Selfed Progeny ◽  
Alloplasmic Lines ◽  
Preferential Transmission ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects ◽  
True Breeding ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa

The nucleus of Triticum turgidum L. var. durum is incompatible with cytoplasms of Aegilops squarrosa L., Ae. cylindrica Host, Ae. uniaristata Vis., and Ae. longissima S. &M. However, durum lines with these cytoplasms were obtained by adding a telosome from Ae. uniaristata (un telosome) or a 1DL telosome from T. aestivum L. 'Selkirk'. The Ae. squarrosa and Ae. cylindrica 29-chromosome plants with 1DL telosome were partially fertile. While Ae. uniaristata or Ae. longissima 29-chromosome plants with 1DL or un telosome were male sterile. The four alloplasmic lines set a few plump and a large number of shrivelled seed from crosses with euploid durum. Only plump seed germinated and produced 29-chromosome plants in successive backcrosses. The telosomes must have a species cytoplasm specific (scs) gene(s) that improved nucleocytoplasmic (NCC) and embryo–endosperm compatibility (EEC), but scs was not transferred to a durum chromosome because telosomes remained meiotically unpaired in 29-chromosome plants. However, a scs gene with similar effects was transferred from T. timopheevii Zhuk. to Ae. longissima euploid durum. The resulting plants were male sterile and set a 1:1 ratio of plump and shrivelled seed. This paper reports that a vitality gene (Vi) restored NCC, EEC, seed viability, fertility, and vigor to Ae. longissima euploid F1's with scs from T. timopheevii. F1 progeny had a 1:1 ratio of fertile plants of normal vigor and low vigor plants (LVP). Thus, Vi had xenia effect, improved EEC, and corrected a syndrome of cytoplasmic effects in 50% of the F1's where Vi was epistatic or dominant to scs. The F2 and sucessive selfed progeny segregated for LVP but true breeding fertile plants were not obtained. Either scs and Vi were alleles, heterosexual gametes with scs and Vi were incompatible, scs had preferential transmission through the heterosexual gametophytes, or Vi was inactivated or remained unexpressed. Thus, scs and Vi had an unorthodox manner of inheritance and expression.Key words: Triticum, dfs, xenia effect, zygotic sterility, embryo–endosperm compatibility.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an alloplasmic durum wheat line with a portion of chromosome 1D of Triticum aestivum carrying the scsae gene

Genome ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khwaja G Hossain ◽  
Oscar Riera-Lizarazu ◽  
Venugopal Kalavacharla ◽  
M Isabel Vales ◽  
Jamie L Rust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Homoeologous Recombination ◽  
Male Sterile

Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) with Triticum longissimum (2n = 2x = 14; S1S1) cytoplasm ((lo) cytoplasm) has normal fertility and plant vigor. However, the nucleus of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28, AABB)) is incompatible with the T. longissimum cytoplasm, producing non-viable progeny. This incompatibility is alleviated by scsae, a species cytoplasm-specific (scs) gene, on the long arm of chromosome 1D (1DL) of common wheat. The hemizygous (lo) durum scsae line is male sterile and is maintained by crossing to normal durum wheat. After pollination, the seeds produced are either plump and viable (with scsae) or shriveled and inviable (without scsae). Thus, the chromosome with scsae is inherited as a whole without recombination. The objectives of this study were to characterize the chromosome carrying scsae and to determine the process through which this gene was introgressed into the (lo) durum background. Molecular marker analysis with 27 probes and primers mapped to homoeologous group 1 and genomic in situ hybridization using differentially labeled total genomic DNA of durum wheat and Aegilops tauschii suggest the presence of a 1AL segment in place of the distal region of 1DL. Owing to the absence of any detectable duplications or deletions, homoeologous recombination is the most likely mechanism by which this introgression occurred.Key words: homoeologous recombination, in situ hybridization, nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction, species cytoplasm specific gene

Transfer of a species cytoplasm specific (scs) gene from Triticum timopheevii to T. turgidum

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Maan
Keyword(s):  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Alien Chromosome ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Male Sterile Plant ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
Genome Donor

Initial attempts to substitute euploid nuclei of Triticum turgidum L. or T. aestivum L. into Aegilops longissima S. &L. cytoplasm failed because an alien chromosome remained fixed in the Triticum nucleus. The alien chromosome had gene(s) conditioning sporophytic sterility (also known as the gameticidal or Cuckoo effect). Subsequently, an exceptional 29-chromosome, male-sterile plant with spontaneously improved female fertility was used as a source of Ae. longissima cytoplasm, and a fully fertile alloplasmic common wheat 'Selkirk' line was developed. However, alloplasmic 'Selkirk' crossed with durum wheat as a recurrent male parent did not produce euploid plants. Instead, chromosome 1D or telocentric 1DL of 'Selkirk' was retained and male-sterile plants with 29 chromosomes were obtained. They set two seed types: a few that were plump and viable (PVi) and a large number that were shrivelled and inviable (SIv). The 1DL was deleted by crossing these plants to T. timopheevii, backcrossing the F1's to T. timopheevii, and repeatedly backcrossing the timopheevii-like plants to durum as the recurrent male parent. The resulting euploid durum plants with Ae. longissima cytoplasm were male sterile and set a 1:1 ratio of PVi and SIv seeds. Thus, a species cytoplasm specific (scs) gene of T. timopheevii was transferred to durum and caused male sterility and abortion of embryos lacking this gene. In conclusion, (i) the scs gene was expressed as a dominant sterility gene, restored seed viability, and partial compatibility between the durum nucleus and Ae. longissima cytoplasm and (ii) a scs gene on 1DL also caused dominant sterility in durum but not in alloplasmic common wheat. Hence, alien scs homoeoallele(s) conditioned sterility and seed abortion in alloplasmic durum but not in T. aestivum and T. timopheevii.Key words: interspecific nucleocytoplasmic genetics, sporophytically controlled sterility, B-genome donor, scs gene.

Interactions between the scs and Vi genes in alloplasmic durum wheat

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Maan
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Genome Chromosome ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Alien Cytoplasm

Two nuclear genes, vitality (Vi) on an A- or B-genome chromosome and species cytoplasm specific (scs) on a 1DL telosome from Triticum aestivum L. or a telosome from Aegilops uniaristata Vis. (un telosome), improved compatibility between the nucleus of Triticum turgidum L. var. durum and the cytoplasm of Ae. longissima S. &M. or Ae. uniaristata. To study interactions between Vi and scs and to determine the chromosomal location of Vi, 29-chromosome fertile plants were crossed with 13 D-genome disomic-substitution (d-sub) lines [except 5D(5A)] of 'Langdon' durum. F1 and backcross progenies were examined for meiotic chromosome number and pairing, fertility, and plant vigor. In 11 crosses, Vi restored seed viability but produced double-monosomics (d-monos) with greatly reduced growth and vigor. In contrast, crosses involving 1D(1A) and 1D(1B) d-sub lines produced d-monos with normal vigor and anthesis but nonfunctional pollen. A backcross of 1D + 1A d-mono F1 and 1D(1A) d-sub lines produced 11 male steriles; 3 had 13 II + 1 II 1D + 1 I 1A, 2 had 13 II + 2 I, 1 had 13 II + 1 II 1D(1A), and 5 were not examined. Crosses of 1D + 1A d-mono F1 with control durum, lo durum (with 1DL), and un durum (with un telosome) lines produced 16 male-sterile d-monos and 14 fertiles with 14 II + 1 I 1D, showing that 15-chromosome female gametes transmitted monosomes 1A and 1D. However, BC2F1's from 1D + 1B d-mono × fertile line with un telosome included 20 male-sterile d-monos, 6 fertile triple monosomics (13 II + 1 I 1D + 1 I 1B + t I un telosome), and 1 fertile plant with a 1B/1D translocation. Unlike d-mono 1A + 1D, d-mono 1B + 1D did not transmit 15-chromosome female gametes with monosomes 1D and 1B. Additional backcrosses also indicated that homozygous scs caused male sterility in 1D(1A) and 1D(1B) d-subs and that the procedure used was not suitable for the chromosomal location of Vi.Key words: alien cytoplasm, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, 1B/1D translocation, aneuploidy, cytoplasmic male sterility.

Mechanisms and inheritance of first division restitution in hybrids of wheat, rye, and Aegilops squarrosa

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Xu ◽  
L. R. Joppa
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Equatorial Plate ◽  
First Division Restitution ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
Aegilops Squarrosa ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Golden Ball

First division restitution (FDR) in intergeneric Triticeae hybrids provides an important meiotic mechanism for the production of amphidiploids without the use of colchicine and similar chemicals. The genetic controls of FDR were investigated by examining microsporogenesis and fertility in F1 hybrids of two- and three-way crosses of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars Langdon (LDN) and Golden Ball (GB), 'Gazelle' rye (Secale cereale L.), and one accession (RL5286) of Aegilops squarrosa L. The results from two-way crosses indicated that the first meiotic division varied, depending on the hybrid. GB crossed with Ae. squarrosa developed tripolar spindles and prevented congregation of chromosomes at the equatorial plate. The hybrid of GB with rye had a delayed first division. But, the hybrids of LDN with both Ae. squarrosa and rye had a high frequency of FDR. Analysis from the three-way crosses indicated that inheritance in rye crosses differed from those with Ae. squarrosa. FDR segregated in a 1:1 ratio in the rye cross, suggesting that the FDR is controlled by a single gene from LDN. However, FDR fit a 1:3 ratio in the three-way crosses with Ae. squarrosa. Cytological data suggested that tripolar spindles are a major factor preventing FDR in Ae. squarrosa crosses. Some progenies from the three-way cross with rye had a high frequency of monads that resulted from second division failure of FDR cells.Key words: durum wheat, rye, Aegilops squarrosa, first division restitution, tripolar spindle.

A gene for embryo–endosperm compatibility and seed viability in alloplasmic Triticum turgidum

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Maan
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Genome Chromosome ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects ◽  
Complex Inheritance ◽  
Donor Species

Alien cytoplasms have more deleterious effect on Triticum turgidum L. var. durum (2n = 28; 14 II; AABB) than on T. aestivum L. (2n = 42; 21 II; AABBDD). The species cytoplasm specific (scs) nuclear genes from the cytoplasm donor species and scs homoeoalleles ameliorate cytoplasmic effects in alloplasmic wheats. The D-genome chromosome(s) of T. aestivum must have a scs gene(s) that is absent in T. turgidum. Also, the dosage of scs homoeoalleles must be more favorable for nucleocytoplasmic compatibility (NCC) in 6x than 4x wheats. This paper reports that two genes, scs on 1DL telosome from T. aestivum 'Selkirk' and a vitality (Vi) gene from (Aegilops cylindrica) T. aestivum 'Selkirk', restored nucleocytoplasmic and embryo–endosperm compatibility, fertility, seed viability, and plant vigor in Ae. squarrosa and Ae. cylindrica 29-chromosome durum plants. In the absence of Vi, 29-chromosome plants set a few sporadic plump seed in selfed spikes but a few plump (about same number as in selfed spikes) and a large number of shrivelled seed in spikes crossed with euplasmic durum. Seed with Vi embryos were viable and those without Vi were nonviable. Similarly, Vi restored fertility to spontaneous aneuploids in the progeny of Ae. squarrosa 29-chromosome plants. Euploid sibs with Vi, but without 1DL telosome, had greatly reduced vigor. The control 'Selkirk' and durum wheats did not have Vi. Hence, Vi may have originated by mutation in Ae. cylindrica 'Selkirk' or Ae. cylindrica durum. Similar spontaneous changes may improve fertility in interspecific hybrid progeny and condition complex inheritance of fertility restoration in alloplasmic wheats.Key words: T. aestivum, Vi and scs genes, xenia effect, zygotic sterility, seed viability, nucleocytoplasmic compatibility, syndrome of cytoplasmic effects.

The assessment of boron toxicity tolerance in F6 RILs of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Tell. convar. durum (Desf.) Mackey]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belgin Göçmen Taşkın ◽  
Özlem Özbek ◽  
Sibel Keskin Şan ◽  
Miloudi Mikael Nachit ◽  
Zeki Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Boron Toxicity

scholarly journals Screening of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) Italian Cultivars for Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight Incited by Fusarium graminearum

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Gaetano Bentivenga ◽  
Alfio Spina ◽  
Karim Ammar ◽  
Maria Allegra ◽  
Santa Olga Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Italian Origin

In 2009, a set of 35 cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) of Italian origin was screened for fusarium head blight (FHB) susceptibility at CIMMYT (Mexico) and in the 2019–20 cropping season, 16 of these cultivars, which had been included in the Italian National Plant Variety Register, were tested again in southern and northern Italy. Wheat cultivars were artificially inoculated during anthesis with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum sensu lato using a standard spray inoculation method. Inoculum was a mixture of mono-conidial isolates sourced in the same areas where the trials were performed. Isolates had been characterized on the basis of morphological characteristics and by DNA PCR amplification using a specific primer set and then selected for their virulence and ability to produce mycotoxins. The susceptibility to FHB was rated on the basis of the disease severity, disease incidence and FHB index. Almost all of the tested cultivars were susceptible or very susceptible to FHB with the only exception of “Duprì”, “Tiziana” and “Dylan” which proved to be moderately susceptible. The susceptibility to FHB was inversely correlated with the plant height and flowering biology, the tall and the late heading cultivars being less susceptible.

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