Standard karyotype and nomenclature system for description of chromosome bands and structural aberrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Gill ◽  
B. Friebe ◽  
T. R. Endo
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Nomenclature System ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Structural Aberrations ◽  
Individual Bands ◽  
Standard Karyotype ◽  
Band Number

A standard karyotype based on N-banding, C-banding, and modified C-banding has been constructed for Triticum aestivum L. 'Chinese Spring'. An idiogram and a nomenclature system have been developed for the description of individual bands. Nomenclatural rules have been proposed for the description of chromosomal structural aberrations and polymorphic bands in other wheat cultivars. As a rule each short arm (S) and a long arm (L) consists of a series of dark bands (C-bands) and light bands (mainly euchromatic) and by definition there are no interbands. In some cases, each arm has been subdivided into two or more regions. The description of a band requires designation of a chromosome number, arm (S or L), region, and band. The region number is separated from the band number by a decimal point. Except for arms 1AS, 3AL, 4AS, and 6AS, all wheat chromosome arms have one or more intercalary C-bands and are divisible into three or more bands. It is hoped that the proposed karyotype and nomenclature system will be widely adopted and lay the foundation of definitive chromosome analysis in wheat.Key words: C-banding, N-banding, common wheat, heterochromatin, idiogram.

Development of a set of compensating Triticum aestivum – Dasypyrum villosum Robertsonian translocation lines

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 836-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Lili Qi ◽  
Wenxuan Liu ◽  
Wanchun Zhao ◽  
Jamie Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Dasypyrum Villosum ◽  
Robertsonian Translocations ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Hundred Kernel Weight

Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy, a wild relative of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), is the source of many agronomically important genes for wheat improvement. Production of compensating Robertsonian translocations (cRobTs), consisting of D. villosum chromosome arms translocated to homoeologous wheat chromosome arms, is one of the initial steps in exploiting this variation. The cRobTs for D. villosum chromosomes 1V, 4V, and 6V have been reported previously. Here we report attempted cRobTs for wheat – D. villosum chromosome combinations 2D/2V, 3D/3V, 5D/5V, and 7D/7V. The cRobTs for all D. villosum chromosomes were recovered except for the 2VS and 5VL arms. As was the case with the 6D/6V combination, no cRobTs involving 2D/2V chromosomes were recovered; instead, cRobT T2BS·2VL involving a nontargeted chromosome was recovered. All cRobTs are fertile, although the level of spike fertility and hundred kernel weight (HKW) varied among the lines. The set of cRobTs involving 12 of the 14 D. villosum chromosomes will be useful in wheat improvement programs. In fact, among the already reported cRobTs, T6AL·6VS carrying the Pm21 gene is deployed in agriculture and many useful genes have been reported on other cRobTs including resistance to stem rust race UG99 on T6AS·6VL.

Characterization of an Agropyron elongatum chromosome conferring resistance to cephalosporium stripe in common wheat

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwen Cai ◽  
Stephen S. Jones ◽  
Timothy D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Small Band ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum

Related wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines, PI 561033, REA 9232, REA 9257, and CI 13113 were analyzed cytogenetically to characterize the association of resistance to cephalosporium stripe (caused by Cephalosporium gramineum Nis. & Ika.) with Agropyron elongatum chromatin. One pair of A. elongatum chromosomes was detected in PI 561033, REA 9232, and CI 13113 by genomic in situ hybridization. The sib line of PI 561033 and REA 9232, REA 9257, which is not resistant to this disease, lacked this pair of A. elongatum chromosomes. PI 561033 was characterized as a disomic T. aestivum – A. elongatum 6Ae#2(6A) chromosome substitution line using test crosses and C-banding. In situ hybridization and test crosses showed that the donor parent, CI 13113, also had chromosome 6A substituted by A. elongatum chromosome 6Ae#2. The C-banding pattern of 6Ae#2 showed two subterminal bands on the long arm and one small band proximal to the centromere on the short arm. Based on chromosome pairing and compensation, chromosome 6Ae#2 shows a close homoeologous relationship with wheat chromosome 6A. Key words : Cephalosporium gramineum, Agropyron elongatum, in situ hybridization, C-banding, chromosome substitution.

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of intergeneric chromosomal translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Dasypyrum villosum arising from tissue culture

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Jie Li ◽  
Bei-Hai Guo ◽  
Yi-Wen Li ◽  
Li-Qun Du ◽  
Xu Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Dasypyrum Villosum ◽  
Chromosome Translocations ◽  
Chromosome Arm

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied with total genomic DNA extracted from Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy as a probe to characterize chromosome translocations arising from tissue culture in hybrids of Triticum aestivum × (T. durum - D. villosum, amphiploid). Chromosome translocations between wheat and D. villosum occurred in callus cells at an average frequency of 1.9%. Translocations existed not only in callus cells but also in regenerants. Three plants with translocation chromosomes were characterized among 66 regenerants of T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' × 'TH1W' and 'NPFP' × 'TH1'. One of them proved to be a reciprocal translocation with an exchange of about one third of a wheat chromosome arm with about one half of a chromosome arm of D. villosum. The breakpoints of the other two translocations were located at, or near centromeres. The results are similar for both callus cells and regenerants and provide further evidence that translocations take place in tissue culture. Other structural chromosomal changes, for example, fragments, telocentrics, dicentromeres, and deletions, as well as numerical alterations including aneuploidy and polyploidy were recorded both in callus cells and regenerants.Key words: wheat, Dasypyrum villosum, translocation, genomic in situ hybridization, tissue culture.

HOMOEOLOGY BETWEEN AGROPYRON ELONGATUM CHROMOSOMES AND TRITICUM AESTIVUM CHROMOSOMES

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Homoeologous Group ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Genetic Compensation

Genetic compensation of Agropyron chromosomes for wheat chromosomes in the male gametophyte and compensation of Agropyron chromosomes for wheat chromosomes in disomic substitutions were used to investigate relationships between the chromosomes of Agropyron elongatum (Host.) P.B. (2n = 2x = 14) and Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42). Gametophytic compensation indicated that A. elongatum chromosomes I, II, III, IV, and VII were related to wheat chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1, 7, 4, 3, and 6, respectively, and were designated 1E, 7E, 4E, 3E, and 6E. Chromosomes V and VI appeared to be related to homoeologous group 2. Other analyses showed that chromosomes V and VI originated from arm exchanges between chromosome 2E and other Agropyron chromosomes. An unaltered disome of Agropyron chromosome 2E was added to the wheat chromosome complement. In the disomic substitutions Agropyron chromosomes 1E, 6E, and 7E compensated for all three wheat homoeologues of the respective homoeologous groups. Chromosome 4E fully compensated for chromosome 4D but only partially for chromosomes 4A and 4B. Chromosomes V and VI compensated poorly or not at all for wheat chromosomes of group 2.

Mapping of a chromosome pairing gene and 5S rRNA genes in Triticum aestivum L. by a spontaneous deletion in chromosome arm 5Bp

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rama S. Kota ◽  
Jan Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
5S Rrna ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
5S Rrna Genes

A deletion in the p arm of chromosome 5B of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring was identified by C-banding during the production of disomic substitutions of 6B of Aegilops longissima Schweinf. et Muschl. for chromosome 5B of cv. Chinese Spring. The deletion was terminal with a breakpoint just proximal to the interstitial C-band. The degree of metaphase I chromosome pairing in plants homozygous for the deletion indicated that the chromosome pairing promoting gene known to be in the p arm of chromosome 5B is located in the deleted portion of that arm. Additionally, all of the 5S ribosomal RNA genes known to exist on arm 5Bp were mapped to this deleted portion.Key words: C-banding, 5S rRNA genes, Triticum, Aegilops chromosome aberration.

Control of alien gene expression for aluminum tolerance in wheat

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gustafson ◽  
K. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Chinese Spring Wheat ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Alien Gene

The expression of aluminum tolerance from rye (Secale cereale L.) when present in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) background has been observed to be much lower than that in rye itself. By crossing each of the ditelocentric lines of 'Chinese Spring' wheat with a tolerant rye, the effects of the presence or absence of each arm of wheat on the expression of rye aluminum tolerance could be established. Of 42 wheat chromosome arms, 18 affected the expression of rye aluminum tolerance. Tolerance was increased over that observed in the euploid wheat–rye hybrid when arms 4AL, 5AL, 6AL, 7BS, 7BL, and 3DS were absent. Tolerance was reduced when arms 2AL, 5AS, 6BS, 1DS, 1DL, 2DL, 4DL, 5DS, 5DL, 6DL, 7DS, and 7DL were absent. Thus, the control of aluminum tolerance expression from rye in a wheat background was evidently under the influence of genes located on a number of wheat chromosome arms, with a few arms tending to enhance expression and many others tending to reduce it. In fact, 5AS of 'Chinese Spring' enhances expression, while 5AL suppresses it. The D genome of bread wheat appears to have the most pronounced effect on the expression of rye aluminum tolerance.Key words: rye, activator genes, suppressor genes, alien manipulation.

INDUCED PAIRING BETWEEN A WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) AND AN AGROPYRON ELONGATUM CHROMOSOME

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yasumuro ◽  
R. Morris ◽  
D. C. Sharma ◽  
J. W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Transfer Genes ◽  
I Cells

A study was initiated to transfer genes for stem- and leaf-rust resistance from a chromosome (designated 6Ag) of Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv to a homoeologous chromosome (6D) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. aestivum group) by inducing pairing between 6Ag and 6D in the absence of the Ph gene on wheat chromosome 5B. Plants monosomic for SB, 6D and 6Ag were crossed with Chinese Spring nullisomic-5B tetrasomic-5D or with Chinese Spring monosomic or trisomic for SB with an induced mutation, phlb, of the Ph locus. Tests of 282 offspring in the seedling stage for reaction to the stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. &E. Henn. race 56 or 15B-2, were used to identify 70 plants with 6Ag, which was transmitted through 25% of the female gametes. Meiotic observations on 51 of these plants indicated that six were monosomic for 6D and 6Ag, but lacked an entire 5B or had 5B with the phlb mutation. The frequency of metaphase I cells with pairing between 6D and 6Ag averaged 4.94% in three plants that were nullisomic for 5B and 2.48% in two plants that had a single dose of 5B with the phlb mutation.

Location of a Triticum speltoides chromosome segment conferring resistance to leaf rust in Triticum aestivum

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 892-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dvořák ◽  
D. R. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance Gene ◽  
Backcross Generation ◽  
Transfer Lines ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Banding Analysis ◽  
Speltoides Chromosome

A leaf rust resistant line, 2-9-2, was selected in the fourth backcross generation to Triticum aestivum of an interspecific hybrid, T. aestivum × Triticum speltoides. The resistance segregated independently of T. speltoides leaf rust resistance gene Lr28, previously shown to be incorporated into wheat chromosome 1B in two other transfer lines. Monosomic and telosomic analyses showed that the gene in line 2-9-2, Lr36, was incorporated into the short arm of chromosome 6B. C-banding analysis showed that the homoeologous crossing-over occurred distally to an interstitial C-band in the satellite and linkage analysis showed Lr36 to be tightly linked to the telomeric C-band.Key words: C-banding, physical mapping, linkage, wheat, chromosome 6B, introgression.

Locating the Agropyron segment in wheat–Agropyron transfer no. 12

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Eizenga
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Puccinia Recondita ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Transfer Lines ◽  
Puccinia Recondita Tritici

Twelve lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were originally identified as having a segment of Agropyron elongatum chromatin carrying a gene for resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) transferred to wheat chromosome 7D. By studying the chromosome pairing of one of these lines, transfer no. 12, with telosomes 7AL, 7AS, 7BL, 7BS, 7DL, 7DS, and 7AgS, it was determined that the Agropyron chromatin was carried on the long arm of wheat chromosome 7A rather than 7D. This determination was confirmed by acetocarmine–N-banding. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Agropyron elongatum, transfer lines, Puccinia recondita tritici, telosomic analysis.

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