Development of genetic research in the USSR

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 900-904
Author(s):  
V. K. Shumny
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Short List ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Data Banks

Two periods of the development of genetic research in the USSR with reference to its current trends of plant and animal genetics, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics are reviewed. A short list of priority areas is established: the maintenance and use of unique gene pools of plants and animals; the domestication of animals and cultivation of new plants; the development of programmes for mathematical treatment of genetic data banks. It is suggested to consider them within the framework of international projects. The idea is to promote the collaborative efforts of scientists on an international scale.Key words: genetics in the USSR, current trends, international cooperation.

Behavior and Molecular Genetics of Personality Disorders

2012 ◽  
pp. 142-165
Author(s):  
Susan C. South ◽  
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud ◽  
Nicholas R. Eaton ◽  
Robert F. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the behavior and molecular genetics of personality disorder. We begin with a thorough review of findings from the field of behavior genetics of personality pathology, including univariate twin studies, multivariate twin studies, and new models of gene–environment interplay. We then discuss the molecular genetics of personality pathology, including a consideration of candidate gene analysis, linkage analysis, and genome-wide association studies. We focus in particular on research concerning antisocial personality disorder (including antisociality and aggression), borderline personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, Cluster B and C personality disorders, and normal personality traits. We then provide a discussion of challenges and future directions with respect to behavior and molecular genetic research. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the implications of this research for the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual.

Data protection in grid-based multicentric clinical trials: killjoy or confidence-building measure?

2009 ◽  
Vol 367 (1898) ◽  
pp. 2729-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Arning ◽  
Nikolaus Forgó ◽  
Tina Krügel
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Data Protection Authority ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Security Standards ◽  
Protection Authority

In order to protect the privacy of participating patients in multicentric genetic research projects and to improve the working conditions for researchers in such projects a data protection framework needs to be installed. In the first place, all genetic data processed in the project has to be pseudonymized. In addition to that, contracts have to be concluded between the project and each project partner to guarantee that genetic data are used only within the project and that each partner complies with data security standards. Furthermore, a central data protection authority has to be installed in the project to control the partners' compliance with these contracts and to serve as a central contact point for participants. If these conditions are fulfilled, only (de facto) anonymous data are used in the project, so that data protection legislation is not directly applicable. Second, each participant has to sign a special consent form for ethical reasons and as a fallback solution if the pseudonymization of the genetic data fails. With this safety net it is possible to protect the participants' privacy and to improve the working conditions for researchers.

EXPRESS: Genetic Data: Potential Uses and Misuses in Marketing

2020 ◽  
pp. 002224292098076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi Daviet ◽  
Gideon Nave ◽  
Jerry Wind
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Privately Owned

Advances in molecular genetics have led to the exponential growth of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry, resulting in the assembly of massive privately-owned genetic databases. This article explores the potential impact of this new data type on the field of marketing. Drawing on findings from behavioral genetic research, we propose a framework that incorporates genetic influences into existing consumer behavior theory, and use it to survey potential marketing uses of genetic data. Applications include business strategies that rely on genetic variants as bases for segmentation and targeting, creative uses that develop consumers’ sense of community and personalization, use of genetically informed study designs to test causal relations, and refinement of consumer theory by uncovering biological mechanisms underlying behavior. We further evaluate ethical challenges related to autonomy, privacy, misinformation and discrimination that are unique to the use of genetic data and are not sufficiently addressed by current regulations. We conclude by proposing an agenda for future research.

Implications of Genetic Research for Child Psychiatry

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Genetic Counselling ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant

Objective: To review implications of genetic research in child psychiatry. Method: Key advances in quantitative and molecular genetics are noted and findings are summarized with respect to autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and Tourette's syndrome. Conclusions: Genetic findings will be helpful clinically in the elucidation of disordered brain processes, the understanding of nature–nurture interplay, diagnosis, genetic counselling, and pharmacotherapy.

scholarly journals Once again to the issue of the protection of genetic information

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Julia V. Radosteva
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Security Issues

The sphere of genetic research and genetic materials is one of the most effective public security issues. Goal prove that genetic information and genetic databases should be considered as special bodies of criminal law protection, requiring special legal norms for their treatment. Tasks: сonsider the meaningful difference between genetic information and genetic data; to determine the directions of the development of the mechanism of criminal law protection of genetic information. Results: There is terminological difference between the definitions "genetic information" and "genetic data". Taking into account the special nature of this information, it is obvious at the legislative level of the regime with it. The approach to the processing of this type of information about a limited range of circumstances in which actions with genetic data are permissible should also be changed.

scholarly journals Processing of Genetic Data under GDPR: Unresolved Conflict of Interests

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-176
Author(s):  
Petro Sukhorolskyi ◽  
Valeriia Hutsaliuk
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Unresolved Conflict ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Data Subject

Over the last decades, developments in the fields of genetics and bioinformatics caused a marked increase in the processing of human genetic data by various companies and institutions. This results in the adoption of several international documents and the emergence of legal norms on the protection of genetic data. The paper examines how and to what extent the interests and rights of the data subject with regard to the processing of genetic data are protected in the European Union. It is concluded that under the GDPR this task is implemented through classifying genetic data as sensitive, reliance on anonymisation and pseudonymisation, as well as introduction of the procedure of data protection impact assessment. Nevertheless, given the unique characteristics of genetic data distinguishing them from other categories of personal data, these measures cannot be regarded as sufficient and effective. The paper argues that current EU data protection legislation creates favourable conditions for genetic research, thereby ensuring particular public interests, but does not establish a special regime for genetic data processing appropriate to potential threats in this field and risks to the rights of data subjects.

scholarly journals 70 years of research on the American mink (Neovison vison schreb., 1777) genetics - where are we now?

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Neovison Vison ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Sequencing Project ◽  
Standard Karyotype

The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge about the genetics of the American mink (Neovison vison Schreb., 1777) - a species that achieved in the twentieth century an unprecedented ecological success associated with the dynamic development of its economic use. However, despite the large popularity and economic importance of the American mink as a fur animal, and the scale of the problems associated with its introduction beyond the range of natural occurrence, genetic research, particularly molecular genetics and genomics of this species, show relatively little progress. The article contains a comprehensive description of the studies undertaken on the genetics of the species, both in terms of cytogenetics, molecular genetics, genomics, population genetics and phylogenetics. The progress of the genome sequencing project of the American mink is also described as well as its transcriptome annotation. The article also deals with still unexplained and not completed, despite 70 years of genetic research, issues such as the standard karyotype, the precise molecular basis of coat color inheritance and systematic position of the species.

Beyond Informed Consent

2011 ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Leonardo de Castro ◽  
Chin Leong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Specific Interests

This chapter affirms the continuing relevance of requiring informed consent for health research in a context consisting of evolving genetic research methodologies and non-paradigmatic ways by which human beings become subjects of genetic research. The chapter also recognizes the special status of genetic materials and genetic data as subjects of research, as well as the different ways in which genetic materials and genetic data may be “owned.” Different senses of ownership necessitate variable ways of implementing informed consent and these have to be clarified and carefully matched. Taking into account the specific interests expressed by human participants in human tissue research,the authors can see that these can be best promoted by a kind of oversight function delegated to ethics committees. The idea of a “one-time” or absolute consent given at the time of recruitment sounds appealing in that it minimizes inconveniences to many stakeholders, including researchers and human subjects. However, there remain valid reasons to be wary lest the system allow some types of research (or use of human research materials) that subjects would disapprove of unless sufficient pertinent information could be provided at the moment of recruitment. Thus the authors present an option for something close to “one-time” or absolute consent with safety nets in the form of oversight functions “delegated” to oversight ethics committees. The exercise of oversight function should involve flexibility to negotiate specific instructions given by the subject(s), such as those that may have something to do with uses that could have a particular religious or cultural significance.

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