Cold hardiness expression in interspecific hybrids and amphiploids of the Triticeae

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Limin ◽  
D. B. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alien Species ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Accurate Indication

Gene expression for cold hardiness was investigated in a number of interspecific or intergeneric hybrids and amphiploids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. or T. turgidum L.) and other members of the tribe Triticeae to assess the potential of alien species as donors of cold-hardiness genes for the improvement of wheat. Thinopyrum ponticum (Agropyron elongatum) hybrids with nonhardy T. aestivum had cold-hardiness levels similar to that of the more hardy Thinopyrum parent. Hybrids of Triticum cylindricum and both hardy and nonhardy T. aestivum were intermediate in cold hardiness with a tendency toward greater hardiness than the parental mean. Cold hardiness of hybrids between T. aestivum and Thinopyrum intermedium (Agropyron intermedium) was also close to the parental midpoint. Cold hardiness of T. aestivum – Secale cereale hybrids was greater than the less hardy parent. In contrast, cold-hardiness genes were not expressed beyond the level of the wheat parent in amphiploids combining wheat and the very hardy diploid species Agropyron cristatum and Secale cereale. The cold-hardiness level was also poor in an amphiploid produced from two relatively hardy tetraploid species (T. turgidum and T. cylindricum). These observations indicate that changes in ploidy level, relative to the parents, may influence the cold-hardiness potential of an interspecific combination by affecting gene dosage and possibly cell size. Poor expression of cold-hardiness genes from very hardy diploid genomes also indicated some degree of suppression, or homoeoallelic dominance of wheat cold-hardiness genes in amphiploids. Therefore, the performance of an interspecific hybrid or amphiploid of wheat may not give an accurate indication of the potential of alien species as gene donors for the improvement of wheat cold hardiness.Key words: gene expression, Triticum sp., triticale, Thinopyrum sp., Agropyron sp., Secale cereale.

The effect of cytoplasm on cold hardiness in alloplasmic rye (Secale cereale L.) and triticale

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Limin ◽  
D. B. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Octoploid Triticale ◽  
Wheat Parent

Many changes occur within the cytoplasm of plant cells during cold acclimation. However, the cause and effect relationship between cytoplasmic response to low temperature and the development of cold hardiness in cells has been difficult to determine. This study considered the importance of rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal.) cytoplasmic effects in conditioning plant cold hardiness. The cold hardiness of octoploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) produced from hardy rye and nonhardy wheat was similar to that of the wheat parent, demonstrating a complete suppression of the rye cold hardiness genes. Similar observations were made for wheat – rye amphiploids from reciprocal crosses, indicating that this suppression was not due to cytoplasmic effects. It is more probable that, because the cold hardiness of octoploid triticale approximates that of the wheat parent, the cold hardiness potential of the rye genome is suppressed by a gene or genes in the wheat complement. The cold hardiness of alloplasmic rye with T. tauschii cytoplasm was similar to that of the rye parent indicating that the cold hardiness genes of rye have normal expression in the T. tauschii cytoplasm. Based on observations made in these two studies, it was concluded that the cytoplasm has little direct effect on cold hardiness, or on the nuclear expression of cold hardiness.Key words: cold hardiness, cytoplasm, Triticum aestivum L., triticale, alloplasmic rye.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

scholarly journals The Relationship among Gene Expression, the Evolution of Gene Dosage, and the Rate of Protein Evolution

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e1000944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Gout ◽  
Daniel Kahn ◽  
Laurent Duret ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Lr19 Resistance in Wheat Becomes Susceptible to Puccinia triticina in India

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 1360-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Bhardwaj ◽  
M. Prashar ◽  
S. Kumar ◽  
S. K. Jain ◽  
D. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Slow Rusting

Lr19, a resistance gene originally transferred from Agropyron elongatum to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), has remained effective worldwide against leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) except in Mexico (1). This report records a new pathotype of P. triticina virulent on Lr19 from India. From 2003 to 2004, 622 wheat leaf rust samples from 14 states were subjected to pathotype analysis. Samples were established on susceptible wheat cv. Agra Local, and pathotypes were identified on three sets of differentials following binomial nomenclature (3). Virulence on Lr19 (Agatha T4 line) was observed in approximately 2% of samples. These samples were picked from Lr19 (NIL), cvs. Ajit, Lal Bahadur, Local Red, Lok1, and Nirbhay from Karnataka and Gujarat states. All Lr19 virulent isolates were identical. The reference culture is being maintained on susceptible wheat cv. Agra Local and has also been put under long-term storage in a national repository at Flowerdale. From 2004 to 2005, this pathotype was detected in 6.3% of samples from central and peninsular India. There is no wheat variety with Lr19 under cultivation in India, however, it is being used in wheat breeding programs targeted at building resistance against leaf and stem rusts. NIL's Lr19/Sr25 (LC25) and Lr19/Sr25 (82.2711) were also susceptible to this isolate, whereas Lr19/Sr25 (spring accession) was resistant. The new isolate, designated as 253R31 (77-8), appears to be close to the pathotype 109R31 (4) with additional virulence for Lr19. The avirulence/virulence formula of pathotype 253R31 is Lr9, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27+31, 28, 29, 32, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45/Lr1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14a, 14b, 14ab, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22a, 22b, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 48, and 49. To our knowledge, this is the first report of virulence on Lr19 from two states of India. On international rust differentials, it is designated as TGTTQ (2), and is different from CBJ/QQ (1), the other isolate reported virulent on Lr19 from Mexico. The Mexican isolate is avirulent on Lr1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3ka, 16, 21, and 30 to which the Indian isolate is virulent. However, both isolates are avirulent on Lr9, 24, 26, 36, and Lr42. Among the wheat cultivars identified during the last 6 years, HD2824, HD2833, HD2864, HI1500, HS375, HUW 510, HW 2044, HW 5001, Lok 45, MACS 6145, MP4010, NW 2036, PBW 443, PBW 498, PBW 502, PBW 524, Raj 4037, UP 2565, VL 804, VL 829, and VL 832 and lines of wheat possessing Lr9, Lr23, Lr24, and Lr26 showed resistance to this pathotype. PBW 343, which occupies more than 5 million ha in India, is also resistant to this pathotype along with PBW 373. An integrated strategy using a combination of diverse resistance genes, deployment of cultivars by using pathotype distribution data, slow rusting, and adult plant resistance is in place to curtail selection of new pathotypes and prevent rust epiphytotics. References: (1) J. Huerta-Espino and R. P. Singh. Plant Dis. 78:640,1994. (2) D. V. Mc Vey et al. Plant Dis. 88:271, 2004. (3) S. Nagarajan et al. Curr. Sci. 52:413, 1983. (4) S. K. Nayar et al. Curr. Sci. 44:742, 1975.

scholarly journals Tolerância de cultivares de trigo, triticale e centeio em diferentes níveis de alumínio em solução nutritiva

Bragantia ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Camargo ◽  
João Carlos Fenício
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Foram estudados sete cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L. ), um de trigo duro (Triticum durum L.), sete de triticale e dois de centeio (Secale cereale L.), em soluções nutritivas contendo quatro níveis de alumínio tóxico. A tolerância foi medida pela capacidade de as raízes primárias continuarem a crescer em soluçâo sem alumínio após um período de 48 horas em solução contendo uma concentração conhecida de alumínio. A temperatura de 28 ± 1 °C foi mantida constante nas soluções durante o experimento. Os cultivares de centeio, Goyarowo e Branco, foram tolerantes a 20mg/ litro de Al3+; os de trigo, Siete Cerros, Tobari-66 e Cocorit, foram sensíveis a 5mg/lítro de alumínio, porém BH-1146, IAC-5, BR-1 e IAC-18 foram tolerantes e, IAC-17, moderadamente tolerante a essa concentração de alumínio; os cultivares de triticale, PFT-763, TCEP-77142, PFT-764, TCEP-75709, Cynamon, TCEP-77138 e TCEP-77136, foram tolerantes a 5mg/litro de Al3+. Todos os cultivares de trigo e triticale foram sensíveis a 10mg/litro de Al3+.

scholarly journals Interploid Hybridizations in Ornamental Cherries Using Prunus maackii

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Margaret Pooler ◽  
Hongmei Ma ◽  
David Kidwell-Slak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Flowering Cherry ◽  
New Cultivars

The United States National Arboretum has an ongoing flowering cherry (Prunus) breeding program aimed at broadening the genetic base of cultivated ornamental cherries by developing new cultivars with disease and pest resistance, tolerance to environmental stresses, and superior ornamental characteristics. Interploid crosses, specifically 2X × 4X, in ornamental Prunus would be beneficial in breeding because they could allow introgression of traits not available in the diploid germplasm (pest resistance, cold hardiness), and could result in the creation of seedless triploids that would not set nuisance fruit and possibly have extended bloom durations. This report documents successful hybridization of P. maackii (Manchurian or Amur cherry), a tetraploid species, with P. campanulata, P. ‘Umineko’, and P. maximowiczii, all diploid species. Chromosomes of one of these resulting triploid hybrids were successfully doubled using oryzalin in tissue culture to create a hexaploid plant.

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