Fluorescent banding patterns of the chromosomes of the genus Salmo

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. Phillips ◽  
Sheila E. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Chromomycin A3 ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Fluorescent Banding

The fluorescent banding patterns of the chromosomes of Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout), Salmo trutta (brown trout), and Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) from North America and Great Britain are described. Quinacrine stained a subset of C bands in S. gairdneri and S. salar from North America. No bright quinacrine (Q) bands were found on the chromosomes of S. salar from Great Britain or the chromosomes from any of the three stocks of S. trutta that were examined. Q bands were found at the centromeres of three to seven different chromosome pairs in S. gairdneri, including the pair that has been identified as the sex chromosome pair in some populations. In S. salar from North America the Q bands were found at the teleomeres of three to four chromosome pairs and at interstitial locations in the 10–13 large acrocentric chromosome pairs. Chromomycin A3 stained either the nucleolar organizer region or the adjacent heterochromatin or both in all three species. In S. trutta the entire short arm of the acrocentric chromosome containing the nucleolar organizer region always stained with chromomycin A3 while in S. gairdneri and S. salar the staining properties of the NOR and adjacent heterochromatin were polymorphic.Key words: banding, C-, Q-; Salmo; trout.

Pattern of X-Y chromosome pairing in the Taiwan vole, Microtus kikuchii

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Mekada ◽  
M Harada ◽  
L K Lin ◽  
K Koyasu ◽  
P M Borodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptonemal Complex ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Pairing of X and Y chromosomes at meiotic prophase and the G- and C-banding patterns and nucleolar organizer region (NOR) distribution were analyzed in Microtus kikuchii. M. kikuchii is closely related to M. oeconomus and M. montebelli, karyologically and systematically. The formation of a synaptonemal complex between the X and Y chromosomes at pachytene and end-to-end association at diakinesis – metaphase I are only observed in three species in the genus Microtus; M. kikuchii, M. oeconomus, and M. montebelli. All the other species that have been studied so far have had asynaptic X–Y chromosomes. These data confirm that M. kikuchii, M. oeconomus, and M. montebelli are very closely related, and support the separation of asynaptic and synaptic groups on the phylogenetic tree.Key words: Microtus kikuchii, Microtus phylogeny, karyotype, synaptic sex chromosomes, synaptonemal complex.

Heterochromatin diversity and chromosome morphology in wheats analyzed by the HKG banding technique

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 956-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. Shang ◽  
R. C. Jackson ◽  
H. T. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Satellite Chromosomes ◽  
Water Treatments

Chromosome banding patterns in diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats were clearly revealed and compared by the HCl–KOH–Giemsa banding technique. Heterochromatin diversity of chromosomes 4A, 4B, 5B, and satellite chromosomes IB and 6B was shown at the centromeric, pericentric, telomeric, interstitial, and satellite regions. Quantitative comparisons were made of the amount of heterochromatin in chromosomes 4A, 4B, and 5B and among genomes of 'Chinese Spring' (Triticum aestivum). Genome relationships were evaluated in the extant diploid and polyploid wheat taxa. Modifications of the banding technique by hypotonic solution and water treatments and by changing air-drying time of slides influenced centromeric, interstitial, and nucleolar organizer region banding patterns, greatly increased the volume of chromosomes, produced different banding patterns, and significantly changed the nuclear morphologies.Key words: HKG-banding, diversity, chromosomes, genome relationships, Triticum.

Quinacrine Mustard and Nucleolar Organizer Region Heteromorphisms in Twins

1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Morton ◽  
L.A. Corey ◽  
W.E. Nance ◽  
J.A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Chromosomal Heteromorphism ◽  
Satellite Associations ◽  
High Degree

Patterns of NOR activity in 640 metaphase spreads from twelve monozygotic (MZ) and eight dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were studied to evaluate the heritability of this chromosomal heteromorphism. NORs were stained by a modification of the Ag-AS technique and counterstained with quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride to facilitate chromosome identification and assess their value in zygosity determination. In this study, all karyotypes were read blind with respect to zygosity and pair membership.A discriminant function analysis of pair score differences in MZ and DZ twins revealed that, in our sample, the probability of accurately determining zygosity with NOR scores was 0.93 and with QFQ scores was 0.99. We conclude that NOR and QFQ scores are highly heritable and of great value in zygosity determination.Data were collected from 687 metaphase spreads on the frequency with which an acrocentric chromosome was found in a satellite association. A significant correlation was found between this frequency and the degree of Ag-AS stain of the NOR. This study, therefore, confirms previous results showing that a high degree of NOR activity is found in those chromosomes most often involved in satellite associations.

Chromosome banding in salmonid fishes: nucleolar organizer regions in Oncorhynchus

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. Phillips ◽  
Kerry D. Zajicek ◽  
Fred M. Utter
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Chromomycin A3 ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Submetacentric Chromosome ◽  
Single Chromosome

Chromosome banding patterns obtained by silver staining and chromomycin a3 (CMA3) staining were analyzed in six species of Oncorhynchus: O. tshawytscha, O. kisutch, O. keta, O. nerka, and O. gorbuscha from North America and O. masou from Japan. Four different chromosomal locations of the nucleolor organizer regions (NORs) were found in different species. In O. tshawytscha, O. kisutch, and O. masou the NORs comprised the entire short arms of one medium-sized acrocentric chromosome pair. In O. nerka the NORs were found in an interstitial band on the short arms of one submetacentric chromosome pair and in O. gorbuscha proximal to the centromere on one metacentric chromosome pair. In O. keta the NORs were found on the telomeres of one small submetacentric chromosome pair. As in the related genera Salmo and Salvelinus chromomycin A3 positive bands were found at the same sites as the AgNORs in all species. Salmonid fish are assumed to be ancestral tetraploids and the considerable differences in chromosome number between different species are thought to be the result of chromosomal fusions after tetraploidization. In all members of the genus Oncorhynchus the rearrangements have resulted in the consolidation of the NORs on a single chromosome pair. The possible significance of intra- and inter-species NOR polymorphisms is discussed.Key words: nucleolar organizer regions, salmon, Oncorhynchus, chromosomes.

scholarly journals Comparative FISH analysis of Senna tora tandem repeats revealed insights into the chromosome dynamics in Senna

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Dat Ta ◽  
Nomar Espinosa Waminal ◽  
Thi Hong Nguyen ◽  
Remnyl Joyce Pellerin ◽  
Hyun Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Pericentromeric Region ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution ◽  
Chromosome Dynamics

Abstract Background DNA tandem repeats (TRs) are often abundant and occupy discrete regions in eukaryotic genomes. These TRs often cause or generate chromosomal rearrangements, which, in turn, drive chromosome evolution and speciation. Tracing the chromosomal distribution of TRs could therefore provide insights into the chromosome dynamics and speciation among closely related taxa. The basic chromosome number in the genus Senna is 2n = 28, but dysploid species like Senna tora have also been observed. Objective To understand the dynamics of these TRs and their impact on S. tora dysploidization. Methods We performed a comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis among nine closely related Senna species and compared the chromosomal distribution of these repeats from a cytotaxonomic perspective by using the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence to infer phylogenetic relationships. Results Of the nine S. tora TRs, two did not show any FISH signal whereas seven TRs showed similar and contrasting patterns to other Senna species. StoTR01_86, which was localized in the pericentromeric regions in all S. tora, but not at the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) site, was colocalized at the NOR site in all species except in S. siamea. StoTR02_7_tel was mostly localized at chromosome termini, but some species had an interstitial telomeric repeat in a few chromosomes. StoTR05_180 was distributed in the subtelomeric region in most species and was highly amplified in the pericentromeric region in some species. StoTR06_159 was either absent or colocalized in the NOR site in some species, and StoIGS_463, which was localized at the NOR site in S. tora, was either absent or localized at the subtelomeric or pericentromeric regions in other species. Conclusions These data suggest that TRs play important roles in S. tora dysploidy and suggest the involvement of 45S rDNA intergenic spacers in “carrying” repeats during genome reshuffling.

scholarly journals The genomic structure of a human chromosome 22 nucleolar organizer region determined by TAR cloning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Vladimir N. Noskov ◽  
Aleksey Y. Ogurtsov ◽  
Ramaiah Nagaraja ◽  
Nikolai Petrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Chromosome 22 ◽  
Rdna Variation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tar Cloning

AbstractThe rDNA clusters and flanking sequences on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 represent large gaps in the current genomic assembly. The organization and the degree of divergence of the human rDNA units within an individual nucleolar organizer region (NOR) are only partially known. To address this lacuna, we previously applied transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning to isolate individual rDNA units from chromosome 21. That approach revealed an unexpectedly high level of heterogeneity in human rDNA, raising the possibility of corresponding variations in ribosome dynamics. We have now applied the same strategy to analyze an entire rDNA array end-to-end from a copy of chromosome 22. Sequencing of TAR isolates provided the entire NOR sequence, including proximal and distal junctions that may be involved in nucleolar function. Comparison of the newly sequenced rDNAs to reference sequence for chromosomes 22 and 21 revealed variants that are shared in human rDNA in individuals from different ethnic groups, many of them at high frequency. Analysis infers comparable intra- and inter-individual divergence of rDNA units on the same and different chromosomes, supporting the concerted evolution of rDNA units. The results provide a route to investigate further the role of rDNA variation in nucleolar formation and in the empirical associations of nucleoli with pathology.

Nucleolar organizer region staining patterns in paraffin-embedded tissue cells from human skin cancers

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana F. Romao-Correa ◽  
Durvanei A. Maria ◽  
Mithitaka Soma ◽  
Mirian N. Sotto ◽  
Jose Antonio Sanches ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Tissue Cells
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