Heterochromatin content and early endosperm development in 42-chromosome spring triticale

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gustafson ◽  
A. J. Lukaszewski ◽  
B. Skovmand
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Heterochromatin Content

An analysis of several triticales (× Triticosecale Wittmack) from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) breeding program showed a strong correlation (r = 0.97, p ≤ 0.01) between test weight and the frequency of aberrant-nucleus formation in early endosperm development. The measurements of rye (Secale cereale L.) heterochromatin content indicated that, as compared with an average rye, in substituted triticales it was reduced by 21.4–49.8% and by 9.3 and 30% from that of two complete rye genome triticales analyzed. No correlation was observed between gross heterochromatin content and frequency of aberrant endosperm nucleus production and (or) test weight. However, both percentage heterochromatin and the production of aberrant endosperm nuclei were greatly reduced as compared with the average triticale previously analyzed. In addition, significant correlations were observed between the frequency of aberrant endosperm nuclei and the amount of telomeric heterochromatin on chromosomes 5R (r = −0.60, p ≤ 0.10) and 6R (r = 0.76, p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that the presence or absence of telomeric heterochromatin on different rye chromosomes on triticale may have different effects on the regularity of early endosperm development and subsequent test weight at maturity. Furthermore, once the total amount of telomeric heterochromatin present on rye chromosomes was greatly reduced it appeared that other genetic factors became visibly involved in irregularities of endosperm development.

THE EFFECT OF TELOMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN FROM SECALE CEREALE ON TRITICALE (× TRITICOSECALE). I. THE INFLUENCE OF THE LOSS OF SEVERAL BLOCKS OF TELOMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN ON EARLY ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT AND KERNEL CHARACTERISTICS AT MATURITY

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gustafson ◽  
M. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

The relationships between telomeric heterochromatin on rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes, the occurrence of aberrant endosperm nuclei early during endosperm development, and kernel characteristics as seen at maturity were investigated in hexaploid spring triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). A positive relationship was established between the presence of telomeric heterochromatin on the short arms of rye chromosomes 4R/7R and 6R, and the production of aberrant endosperm nuclei. The removal of telomeric heterochromatin blocks from either 4R/7R or 6R significantly reduced the occurrence of nuclear instability in endosperm, and the effect of losing more than one block of telomeric heterochromatin was additive. A strong relationship was also noted between the absence of telomeric heterochromatin blocks on the short arms of rye chromosomes 4R/7R and 6R, and both higher thousand kernel weight and test weight at maturity. This relationship was also additive depending on whether one or two blocks of telomeric heterochromatin were missing. The absence of telomeric heterochromatin blocks on 4R/7R and 6R was significantly related with increased yield. The results show that amount of telomeric heterochromatin on some rye chromosomes is closely related to the occurrence of aberrant endosperm nuclei early during endosperm development and kernel characteristics at maturity.

THE EFFECT OF TELOMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN FROM SECALE CEREALE ON TRITICALE (X TRITICOSECALE). II. THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF BLOCKS OF HETEROCHROMATIN IN ISOGENIC BACKGROUNDS

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Bennett ◽  
J. P. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Heterochromatin Block ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

The influence of telomeric heterochromatin blocks on early embryo and endosperm development, and on various agronomic parameters seen at maturity, was investigated using triticales (× Triticosecale Wittmack) isogenic for the presence or absence of the heterochromatin blocks on rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes 6R and 7R/4R. Absence of the telomeric heterochromatin blocks from the long arm of rye chromosome pair 7R/4R in DRIRA, and from the short arm of rye chromosome pair 6R in Rosner was significantly related with a lower production of aberrant endosperm nuclei and an increased kernel weight. The loss of the heterochromatin block on rye chromosome pair 7R/4R in DRIRA resulted in a significant yield increase, while there was no increase in yield when the heterochromatin block was missing from rye chromosome pair 6R in Rosner. The lack of yield increase in Rosner was apparently due to a significant decrease in fertility when the heterochromatin block on 6R was lost. The loss of the heterochromatin block on the short arm of rye chromosome 6R appears to have the same effect on aberrant endosperm nuclei production and kernel weight in two different genetic backgrounds. The rate of embryo and endosperm development showed a small but significant increase when the heterochromatin blocks were lost from both 6R and 7R/4R.

AC Copia spring triticale

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. McLeod ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
T. F. Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Test Weight ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
X Triticosecale ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

AC Copia, a cultivar of spring triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK. It is widely adapted to the Prairie Provinces of Western Canada. AC Copia represents an improvement in test weight over other currently available Canadian cultivars of triticale. It is very resistant to the prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust and common bunt, and moderately resistant to common root rot. Key words: Cultivar description, test weight, triticale (spring), X Triticosecale Wittmack

Variation in induction of homoeologous pairing among chromosomes of 6x Hordeum parodii as a result of three triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Gupta ◽  
George Fedak
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Homoeologous Pairing ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Heterochromatin Content

Intergeneric hybrids were obtained between Hordeum parodii Covas s.1. (6x) and three cultivars of triticale (×Triticosecale) at frequencies of 0.47 to 1.21% of pollinated florets. The triticale cultivars varied in their chromosome constitutions of the rye genome as well as the telomeric heterochromatin content of some of the rye chromosomes. The average chiasmata frequency per cell varied from 0.58 to 13.14 in different hybrid combinations. The differences in the chiasmata frequencies in the different hybrid combinations were attributed to a meiotic pairing control mechanism in H. parodii whose function was affected primarily by the rye chromosome constitutions of the triticale cultivars and to a lesser extent by the heterochromatin content of the rye chromosomes.Key words: hybrids (intergeneric), Hordeum, meiotic pairing control, chiasma.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF SPRING TRITICALE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-856
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Water Concentration ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
X Triticosecale ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

Two spring triticale (X-Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars, Carman and Welsh, and one advanced-generation breeding line were grown under field conditions for 3 yr to study the effects of harvest time and drying method on quality and grade. Plots were harvested at six to seven intervals when kernel water concentration was in the 1000 to 100 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight range. Grain was dried in the field in simulated windrows or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 40–45 °C. Test weight, 1000-kernel weight, falling number, germination, and commercial grade were determined. Test weight increased with decreasing kernel water concentration at harvest, particularly in the artificially dried treatment. Test weight was greater in the windrowed than in the artificially dried treatment, especially for harvests made at high water concentrations. Harvest at high kernel water concentrations tended to reduce 1000-kernel weight, more so in the windrowed than in the artificially dried treatment. Although falling numbers were influenced by harvest time and drying method, there were no clear trends. Germination was reduced in material cut at a kernel water concentration above 680 g∙kg−1 in 1 of 2 years. Grades were reduced by artificial drying of grain, particularly when harvested at high kernel water concentrations. Grades were unaffected by windrowing at kernel water concentrations of up to 1000 g∙kg−1.Key words: X-Triticosecale Wittmack, test weight, falling number, germination, windrow

AC Certa spring triticale

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. McLeod ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
W. H. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
X Triticosecale ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Sprouting Resistance ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

AC Certa, a spring triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was developed at CIMMYT and introduced by the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, via the 21st ITSN in 1989. It is widely adapted to the Prairie Provinces. AC Certa represents a significant improvement in test weight. AC Certa has an improved Hagberg Falling Number which is usually associated with improved harvest-time sprouting resistance AC Certa is very resistant to the prevalent races of stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.); leaf rust (caused by P. recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici); highly resistant to common bunt [caused by Tilletia foetida Wallr.) Liro and T. caries (DC) Tul.], and resistant to common root rot [caused primarily by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoemaker]. Key words: Cultivar description, test weight, sprouting resistance, triticale (spring, X Triticosecale Wittmack)

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF MATURING ENDOSPERM FROM HEXAPLOID TRITICALE AND ITS SPRING RYE AND DURUM WHEAT PARENTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. DEXTER ◽  
B. L. DRONZEK
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

The amino acid composition of the maturing endosperm of a triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) designated line 6A190 and its rye (Secale cereale L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) parents were determined. In all three cereals, rapid changes occurred during development in the free amino acid levels and in the nature of the endosperm proteins. The composition of the free amino acids of triticale more closely resembled the rye parent than the durum wheat parent throughout endosperm development. The amino acid composition of the proteins and peptides of triticale was intermediate to the rye and durum wheat parents at all stages of development.

FRANK SPRING TRITICALE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1157
Author(s):  
J. G. McLEOD ◽  
R. M. DePAUW ◽  
C. W. B. LENDRUM ◽  
G. E. McCRYSTAL ◽  
J. F. PAYNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Weight ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Yield Test ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
University Of Manitoba ◽  
The University ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

Frank triticale (× triticosecale Wittmack) was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan. It was produced by intercrossing genotypes developed by the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), the University of Manitoba and the South Saskatchewan Wheat Program prior to subjecting the segregants to early generation yield-testing procedures. Frank demonstrates major improvements in yield, test weight, and earliness relative to other Canadian triticale cultivars.Key words: Cultivar description, Triticale (spring), × triticosecale Wittmack

CARMAN TRITICALE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. GUSTAFSON ◽  
E. N. LARTER ◽  
M. FREUHM ◽  
F. J. ZILLINSKY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Science ◽  
Cooperative Program ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
University Of Manitoba ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

Carman is a new cultivar of spring triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) which was developed from a cooperative program involving the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico. It is higher yielding than either Rosner or Welsh, cultivars previously licensed in Canada.

The effect of telomeric heterochromatin on the frequency of aneuploids in triticale (× Triticosecale)

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Dillé ◽  
J. P. Gustafson ◽  
M. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the frequency of aneuploids and blocks of telomeric heterochromatin on rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes in a triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) background was investigated. Lines with or without blocks of telomeric heterochromatin were examined to determine the percentage of aneuploid progeny. The results showed that the amount of telomeric heterochromatin present on rye chromosomes 4R and 6R had little effect (2%) on lowering the proportion of aneuploids. When rye chromosome pair 2R was replaced by wheat chromosome 2D in the presence of chromosomes 4R and 6R lacking heterochromatin, the percentage of aneuploids increased slightly (2.7%) over that found in the control population.

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