CONTROLLING ELEMENT ALLELES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTHOCYANIN PATHWAY IN MAIZE

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjula R. Reddy ◽  
Peter A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Pathway Data ◽  
Controlling Elements ◽  
Controlling Element ◽  
Aleurone Tissue ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Controlling elements in maize become implanted at diverse loci. These include loci involved with the expression of the anthocyanin pathway in the aleurone tissue. The controlling elements effects on these loci lead to an array of diverse heritable expressions, ranging from colorless to full colored types. Four controlling-element alleles, a-m(r), a2-m(r) (colorless), a-m-1 and a2-m-1 (colored), which respond to the regulatory element En, have been tested for the accumulation of pigments of the anthocyanin pathway to ascertain the role of standard recessive a and a2 genes in the pathway. Data from thin-layer chromatography and absorption spectra clearly show that the triploid aleurone tissue of a-m(r)/a-m(r)/a-m(r) accumulates quercetin and that a2-m(r)/a2-m(r)/a2-m(r) accumulates leucoanthocyanidin. No qualitative differences, in terms of anthocyanin pigments, were observed between a-m-1, a2-m-1 and their corresponding dominant alleles, A and A2. The dominant allele C-I completely inhibits the production of quercetin in a-m(r) tissue, leucoanthocyanidin in a2-m(r) and anthocyanin in a-m-1 and a2-m-1. The genetic control of the anthocyanin pathway in maize is discussed in view of these data.

THE ACTION OF THE INTENSIFIER (IN) GENE IN FLAVONOID PRODUCTION IN ALEURONE TISSUE OF MAIZE

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjula R. Reddy ◽  
Peter A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Pigment Composition ◽  
Recessive Condition ◽  
System A ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Controlling Element ◽  
Comparative Genetic Analysis ◽  
Aleurone Tissue ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The intensifier (in) allele in the homozygous recessive condition, in the appropriate genetic background, accentuates the formation of anthocyanin pigments in the aleurone tissue of maize. In a comparative genetic analysis with In and in combinations of five gene loci of the anthocyanin pathway, A, A2, Bz, Bz2, and Pr, in single and double recessive condition, it was possible to determine the effect of in on the expression of these genes in terms of the quality and quantity of the accumulated pigments. It was found that the recessive in greatly increases the quantity of anthocyanins, 3-deoxy anthocyanins, and leucoanthocyanidins in appropriate genotypes. On the contrary, in did not cause any qualitative differences in the pigment composition. The in showed a dosage effect in increasing the pigment levels. Also, observations were made on the interaction pattern of in with certain controlling-element alleles of the En system. A significant increase in the pigment content was observed due to the in effect without any qualitative changes. The nature of in action and its position in the anthocyanin pathway is discussed in the light of these data.

scholarly journals 467 Mapping Anthocyanin Pathway Genes in Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 474D-474
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Weber ◽  
William Boone
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Pathway Data ◽  
Anthocyanin Pigments ◽  
Pigment Ratios ◽  
Anthocyanin Production

The role of plant pigments in human health has been under intense scrutiny recently. Anthocyanin pigments have been shown to be powerful antioxidants and may contribute to other areas of human health. In red and black raspberry, Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis, respectively, no less than eight different anthocyanin pigments have been identified. However, the genetics controlling the presence and ratios of the different pigments is poorly understood. Various researchers have identified four loci that impart fruit pigment deficiencies and three loci that affect the pigment ratios. The underlying gene function of these loci is not known. Efforts are under way to map two pigment deficiency loci in red raspberry using bulked segregant analysis. Screening with 800 random primers has produced two markers with >90% and two with >80% correlation to one loci. For the other loci, 10 markers with >80% correlation have been identified. Mapping is ongoing with the first linkage map for raspberry to be presented. Populations to test allelism between sources of pigment deficiency are being evaluated for further mapping of loci of the anthocyanin production pathway. Data on cloning of genes in the anthocyanin pathway based on database sequences with degenerative primers for further elucidation a anthocyanin production in raspberry will be presented.

scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LIPID-DEPLETED ROD PHOTORECEPTOR MEMBRANES

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izhak Nir ◽  
Michael O. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Retinal Rod ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Photoreceptor Membranes

The structure of lipid-depleted retinal rod photoreceptor membranes was studied by means of electron microscopy. Aldehyde-fixed retinas were exhaustively extracted with acetone, chloroform-methanol, and acidified chloroform-methanol. The effect of prefixation on the extractability of lipids was evaluated by means of thin-layer chromatography and fatty acid analysis. Prefixation with glutaraldehyde rendered 38% of the phospholipids unextractable, while only 7% were unextractable after formaldehyde fixation. Embedding the retina in a lipid-retaining, polymerizable glutaraldehyde-urea mixture allows a comparison of the interaction of OsO4 with lipid-depleted membranes and rod disk membranes which contain all their lipids. A decrease in electron density and a deterioration of membrane fine structure in lipid-depleted tissue are correlated with the extent of lipid extraction. These observations are indicative of the role of the lipid bilayer in the ultrastructural visualization of membrane structure with OsO4. Negatively stained thin sections of extracted tissue reveal substructures in the lipid-depleted rod membranes. These substructures are probably the opsin molecules which are the major protein component of retinal rod photoreceptor membranes.

Isolation and characterization of SRF accessory proteins

1993 ◽  
Vol 340 (1293) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ternary Complex ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Serum Response Factor ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Serum Response ◽  
Dna Binding Properties

Many genes which are regulated by growth factors contain a common regulatory element, the serum response element (SRE). Activation of transcription by the SRE involves a ternary complex formed between a ubiquitous factor, serum response factor (SRF), and a second protein, p62/TCF. We used a yeast genetic screen to isolate cDNAs encoding a protein, SAP-1, with the DNA binding properties of p62/TCF. The SAP-1 sequence contains three regions of homology to the previously uncharacterized Elk-1 protein, which also acts as an SRF accessory protein. Only two of these regions are required for cooperative interactions with SRF in the ternary complex. The third contains several conserved sites for the MAP kinases, whose activity is regulated in response to growth factor stimulation. We discuss the potential role of these proteins in regulation of the c-fos SRE.

scholarly journals Primary non-random X-inactivation caused by controlling elements in the mouse demonstrated at the cellular level

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohaila Rastan
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Cell Selection ◽  
Controlling Elements ◽  
Controlling Element

SUMMARYPrevious studies have shown that different alleles of the mouse X chromosomal controlling element locus, Xce, cause non-random X-chromosome inactivation as judged by variegation in the coats of female mice heterozygous for X-linked coat colour/structure genes, or Cattanach's translocation (Is (X; 7) Ct), or the relative activity of biochemical variants of the X-linked enzyme PGK. This paper presents evidence using the Kanda differential staining method on 6½ d.p.c. and 13½ d.p.c. female mouse embryos heterozygous for the marker X chromosome Is (X; 7) Ct and carrying different Xce alleles, that the Xce locus affects the randomness of X chromosome inactivation. Furthermore the fact that a marked Xce effect is demonstrable in female embryos as early as 6½ d.p.c. (i.e. very soon after the initial time of X-inactivation) is strong evidence that the Xce locus exerts its effect by causing primary non-random X-inactivation rather than by cell selection after initial random X-inactivation.

scholarly journals Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis From Rhizospheric Serratia Spp. With Antifungal Activity and Binding Interactions of PrnF With Ligands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha P. Pawar ◽  
Ambalal B. Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Rrna Sequence ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Protein Model ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Rhizophila ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract Pyrrolnitrin (PRN) from rhizobacteria displays a key role in biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi in rhizospheric soil. Therefore, different rhizospheric soils were investigated for the prevalence of PRN producer in minimal salt (MS) medium containing tryptophan (0.2 M NaCl; pH 8) using three successive enrichments. Of 12% isolates, only five bacterial strains had shown PRN secretion, screened with Thin Layer Chromatography (Rf 0.8) and antifungal activity (27 mm) against phytopathogen. The phenetic and 16S rRNA sequence revealed the close affiliation of isolates (KMB, M-2, M-11, TW3, and TO2) to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (KY800458), Enterobacter spp. (KY800455), Brevibacillus parabrevis (KY800454), Serratia marcescens (KY800456) and Serratia nemtodiphila (KY800457). Purified compound from isolates was characterised using UV, IR, HPLC, LCMS and GCMS as PRN. However, BLASTn hit of prn gene sequences from both Serratia species showed 99% similarity with NADPH dependent FMN reductase component (prnF). The homology protein model of prnF was developed from translated sequence of S. marcescens TW3 with chromate reductase of Escherichia coli K-12. Docking with FMN and NADPH was performed. The study demonstrated the possible role of prnF NADPH dependent FMN reductases in prnD for supply of reduced flavin in rhizobacterial strain of Serratia spp. which may pave a way to understand PRN production.

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