MATERNALLY INFLUENCED EMBRYONIC LETHALITY: ALLELE SPECIFIC GENETIC RESCUE AT A FEMALE FERTILITY LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Romans ◽  
R. B. Hodgetts ◽  
D. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Normal Males

A new locus, mel(l)R1, with a maternal effect on embryonic development, has been mapped at about 0.5 on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and localized cytologically between bands 2D6 and 3A1. Genotypically mutant embryos die if produced by homozygous mutant females but survive if produced by heterozygous females. Two mutant alleles have been isolated. One of these is genetically rescuable: when homozygous mutant females are mated to mutant males, all the embryos die, but when these females are mated to normal males, female offspring are produced. The other allele is not rescuable. Genetic rescue is dominant at this locus since females heterozygous for the two mutant alleles produce female offspring in crosses to normal males.

scholarly journals X-LINKED FEMALE-STERILE LOCI IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-712
Author(s):  
Norbert Perrimon ◽  
Dawson Mohler ◽  
Lee Engstrom ◽  
A P Mahowald
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Clone Analysis ◽  
Single Allele ◽  
Lethal Genes

ABSTRACT We have examined the number of X-linked loci specifically required only during oogenesis. Complementation analyses among female-sterile (fs) mutations obtained in two mutagenesis screens—Gans' and Mohler's—indicate that any fs locus represented by two or more mutant alleles in Gans' collection are usually present in Mohler's collection. However, when a locus is represented by a single allele in one collection, it is generally not present in the other collection. We propose that this discrepancy is due to the fact that most "fs loci" represented by less than two mutant alleles are, in fact, vital (zygotic lethal) genes, and that the fs alleles are hypomorphic mutations of such genes. In support of this hypothesis we have identified lethal alleles at 12 of these "fs loci." The present analysis has possibly identified all maternal-effect lethal loci detectable by mutations on the X chromosome and has allowed us to reevaluate the number of "ovary-specific fs" loci in the Drosophila genome. Finally, germline clone analysis of a large number of fs mutations was performed in order to estimate the relative contribution of germline and somatic cell derivatives to oogenesis and to embryonic development. All the maternal-effect lethal loci tested are germline-dependent.

scholarly journals Zygotic lethals with specific maternal effect phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Loci on the X chromosome.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Perrimon ◽  
L Engstrom ◽  
A P Mahowald
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Clonal Analysis ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Embryonic Lethal

Abstract In order to identify all X-linked zygotic lethal loci that exhibit a specific maternal effect on embryonic development, germline clonal analyses of X-linked zygotic lethal mutations have been performed. Two strategies were employed. In Screen A germline clonal analysis of 441 mutations at 211 previously mapped X-linked loci within defined regions was performed. In Screen B germline clonal analysis of 581 larval and pupal mutations distributed throughout the entire length of the X chromosome was performed. These approaches provide an 86% level of saturation for X-linked late zygotic lethals (larval and pupal) with specific maternal effect embryonic lethal phenotypes. The maternal effect phenotypes of these mutations are described.

scholarly journals Does RNA interference influence meiotic crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster?

2008 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC W. CROSS ◽  
MICHAEL J. SIMMONS
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Crossover Frequency ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Chromosome Ii ◽  
Balancer Chromosomes ◽  
Balancer Chromosome

SummaryMutations in the RNA interference (RNAi) genes aubergine (aub), homeless and piwi were tested for effects on the frequency, distribution and coincidence of meiotic crossovers in the long arm of the X chromosome. Some increases in crossover frequency were seen in these tests, but they may have been due to a maternal effect of the balancer chromosomes that were used to maintain the RNAi mutations in stocks rather than to the RNAi mutations themselves. These same balancers produced strong zygotic interchromosomal effects when tested separately. Mutations in aub and piwi did not affect the frequency of crossing over in the centric heterochromatin of chromosome II; nor did a balancer chromosome III.

Spontaneous formation of compound X chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
R J Morrison ◽  
J D Raymond ◽  
J R Zunt ◽  
J K Lim ◽  
M J Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Spontaneous Formation ◽  
Chromosome Attachment ◽  
Recombination Experiments ◽  
Attachment Process

Abstract Males carrying different X chromosomes were tested for the ability to produce daughters with attached-X chromosomes. This ability is characteristic of males carrying an X chromosome derived from 59b-z, a multiply marked X chromosome, and is especially pronounced in males carrying the unstable 59b-z chromosomes Uc and Uc-lr. Recombination experiments with one of the Uc-lr chromosomes showed that the formation of compound chromosomes depends on two widely separated segments. One of these is proximal to the forked locus and is probably proximal to the carnation locus. This segment may contain the actual site of chromosome attachment. The other essential segment lies between the crossveinless and vermilion loci and may contain multiple factors that influence the attachment process.

Effet maternel et effet de la vigueur hybride sur la viabilité de la drosophile (Drosophila melanogaster) aux différents stades du développement pré-imaginal

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1152-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Cadieu
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Reciprocal Hybrids

When larval competition in Drosophila melanogaster is prevented, survival up to imaginal emergence in two inbred strains and their reciprocal hybrids seems to depend on (i) a maternal influence (possibly due to cytoplasmic factors), (ii) the state of inbreeding or outbreeding of the progeny. The study of the death rate during development demonstrates that the maternal effect can be detected at every stage of the preimaginal life (embryo, larva, and pupa). On the other hand heterosis is superimposed on the maternal effect mainly during larval life, the viability for the hybrid larvae being higher than the average of the two parental strains.

scholarly journals Female sterile mutations on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Maternal effect mutations.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Schüpbach ◽  
E Wieschaus
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Cellular Morphology ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Normal Embryonic Development

Abstract In mutagenesis screens for recessive female sterile mutations on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster 529 chromosomes were isolated which allow the homozygous females to survive, but cause them to be sterile. In 136 of these lines, mutant females produce morphologically normal eggs which cannot support normal embryonic development. These "maternal-effect" mutations fall into 67 complementation groups which define 23 multiply hit and 44 singly hit loci. In eggs from 14 complementation groups development is blocked before the formation of a syncytial blastoderm. In eggs from 12 complementation groups development is abnormal before cellularization, 17 complementation groups cause abnormal cellularization, 12 complementation groups cause changes in cellular morphology in early gastrulation stages, and 12 complementation groups seem to affect later embryonic development.

scholarly journals THE GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF A HETEROCHROMATIC SEGMENT ON THE X CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-539
Author(s):  
Dilys M Parry ◽  
L Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Heterochromatic Segment

ABSTRACT An autosomal euchromatic maternal-effect mutant, abo (= abnormal oocyte), interacts with, or regulates the activity of, the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. It is shown that this interaction or regulation with the X chromosome involves a specific heterochromatic locus or small region that maps to the distal penultimate one-eighth of the basal X-chromosome heterochromatic segment.

scholarly journals HYPOMORPHIC LETHAL MUTATIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LETHAL COMPLEMENTATION STUDIES IN DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-968
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Frank C Janca
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Essential Genes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Interallelic Complementation ◽  
Hypomorphic Alleles

ABSTRACT In a small region of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, we have found that a third of the mutations that appear to act as lethals in segmental haploids are viable in homozygous mutant individuals. These viable mutations fall into four complementation groups. The most reasonable explanation of these mutations is that they are a subset of functionally hypomorphic alleles of essential genes: hypomorphic mutations with activity levels above a threshold required for survival, but below twice that level, should behave in this manner. We refer to these mutations as "haplo-specific lethal mutations." In studies of autosomal lethals, haplo-specific lethal mutations can be included in lethal complementation tests without being identified as such. Accidental inclusion of disguised haplo-specific lethals in autosomal complementation tests will generate spurious examples of interallelic complementation.

scholarly journals The Responding Site of the Rex Locus of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Ellen E Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Mitotic Chromosome ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Chromosome Behavior

ABSTRACT Rex is a dominant, maternal-effect locus in the heterochromatin of the X chromosome Drosophila melanogaster. It causes an early mitotic exchange-like event between heterochromatic elements of an attached- XY in X/attached-XY embryos of Rex mothers. Evidence is presented here that the site of Rex action is the ribosomal RNA gene cluster (the bb locus) only; no other heterochromatin is affected. The Rex locus may be useful in studying regulation of rRNA-gene copy number, mitotic chromosome behavior and heterochromatic function.

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