INFLUENCE OF SOURCE OF WHEAT CYTOPLASM ON THE SYNTHESIS AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS OF HEXAPLOID TRITICALE

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. K. Hsam ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

Reciprocal F1 triticale hybrids (× Triticosecale Wittmack) produced from crosses between primary 6x amphiploids (C1) were synthesized that differed only in their source of cytoplasm. One member of each reciprocal pair possessed hexaploid (6x) wheat cytoplasm (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell), the other, tetraploid (4x) wheat cytoplasm (T. turgidum L.). Comparisons of agronomic and reproductive behavior were made between members of reciprocal F1 pairs. Initial embryo development, embryo survival in vitro, and survival of F1 wheat-rye hybrids were 10, 105, and 127% higher respectively when the female parent possessed 6x as compared with 4x wheat cytoplasm. Similarly, F1 amphiploids with 6x cytoplasm were 3.0% taller and developed 25.0% more fertile tillers than their genetically identical counterparts with 4x cytoplasm. Spike morphology and floret number were not found to be influenced by source of cytoplasm. As current triticale procedures require the synthesis of new wheat-rye amphiploids for the introduction of genetic variability, it is suggested that the utilization of 6x wheat cytoplasm would enhance such a program as well as improve the agronomic performance of triticales so synthesized.

COLD HARDINESS IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. LIMIN ◽  
J. DVORAK ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

The excellent cold hardiness of rye (Secale cereale L.) makes it a potential source of genetic variability for the improvement of this character in related species. However, when rye is combined with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to produce octaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack, ABDR genomes), the superior rye cold hardiness is not expressed. To determine if the D genome of hexaploid wheat might be responsible for this lack of expression, hexaploid triticales (ABR genomes) were produced and evaluated for cold hardiness. All hexaploid triticales had cold hardiness levels similar to their tetraploid wheat parents. Small gains in cold hardiness of less than 2 °C were found when very non-hardy wheats were used as parents. This similarity in expression of cold hardiness in both octaploid and hexaploid triticales indicates that the D genome of wheat is not solely, if at all, responsible for the suppression of rye cold hardiness genes. There appears to be either a suppressor(s) of the rye cold hardiness genes on the AB genomes of wheat, or the expression of diploid rye genes is reduced to a uniform level by polyploidy in triticale. The suppression, or lack of expression, of rye cold hardiness genes in a wheat background make it imperative that cold-hardy wheats be selected as parents for the production of hardy triticales.Key words: Triticale, Secale, winter wheat, cold hardiness, gene expression

scholarly journals Spike morphology alternations in androgenic progeny of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) caused by nullisomy of 2R and 5R chromosomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
Michał T. Kwiatek ◽  
Zofia Banaszak ◽  
Roksana Skowrońska ◽  
Danuta Kurasiak-Popowska ◽  
Sylwia Mikołajczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Spike Morphology ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractInduction of androgenesis, followed by chromosome doubling, is a crucial method to obtain complete homozygosity in one-generation route. However, in vitro androgenesis can result in various genetic and epigenetic changes in derived triticale plants. In this study, we evaluated chromosome alternations and we associated them with the changes of spike morphology in androgenic progeny of triticale. We karyotyped offspring plants that derived from double haploid plants using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. We distinguished four major groups of karyotypes: double ditelosomics, nullisomics N2R, nullisomics N5R, and triticale plants with a complete set of chromosomes. It is known that more than half of QTLs connected with androgenic response are located in R-genome of triticale but 2R, 5R, and 6R chromosomes are not included. We hypothesized that the reason why only aberrations of chromosomes 2R and 5R appear during androgenesis of triticale is that because these chromosomes are not involved in the stimulation of androgenic response and the following regeneration of plants is not disrupted. Concerning the established groups, we evaluated following quantitative traits: spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike. The nullisomy of chromosome 2R and 5R resulted in vast changes in spike architecture of triticale plants, which can be correlated with the location of major QTLs for spike morphology traits on these chromosomes. The spikes of nullisomic plants had significantly decreased spike length which correlated with the reduction of number of spikelets per spike and number of grains per spike.

THE GENOMIC ORIGIN OF THE UNPAIRED CHROMOSOMES IN TRITICALE

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Thomas ◽  
P. J. Kaltsikes
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Metaphase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Genome Chromosome ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Telocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Terminal Chiasmata

Differential staining of telomeric rye heterochromatin and telocentric chromosomes were used to identify chromosomes which were unpaired at first meiotic metaphase of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). Both approaches showed that it was the rye chromosomes which were seen as univalents. Differences in the rate of pairing from triticale to triticale were mostly explained by variation in the pairing of the rye genome. Within the rye genome, chromosome arms with telomeric heterochromatin showed pairing rates much lower than chromosome arms lacking heterochromatin. Wheat telocentrics and heterochromatin-free rye telocentrics which showed intermediate levels of pairing failure (65-90%), had mostly terminal chiasmata. On the other hand rye telocentrics with large heterochromatin bands on the telomeres had mostly nonterminal chiasmata and very low pairing (5-35%). It is concluded that the presence of heterochromatin on certain telomeres of rye chromosomes blocks the formation of terminal chiasmata and this results in desynapsis and univalents at MI.

INFLUENCE OF SOURCE OF WHEAT CYTOPLASM ON THE NATURE OF PROTEINS IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. K. Hsam ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Seed Proteins ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
High Molecular Weight Proteins

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study seed proteins in 4 pairs of reciprocal F1 isogenic hybrids of hexaploid triticales differing only in their source of cytoplasm. One member of each reciprocal pair possessed the cytoplasm of hexaploid (6x) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), the other, the cytoplasm from tetraploid (4x) wheat (T. turgidum L). Qualitative as well as quantitative differences were observed in the electrophoretic patterns of the albumins and globulins. High molecular weight proteins (> 34,000 daltons) were synthesized in triticale with 6x wheat cytoplasm in greater quantity than in triticale with 4x wheat cytoplasm. Differences in the patterns of gliadin and reduced glutenin of the reciprocal triticale populations were quantitative. The relevance of these findings to seed development in triticales is discussed.

QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS OF CELLULAR PROTEIN, RNA, AND NUCLEARHISTONE IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE AS INFLUENCED BY SOURCE OF WHEAT CYTOPLASM

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. K. Hsam ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Total Cellular Protein ◽  
Nuclear Histone ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
Related Compounds

Reciprocal F1 hybrids of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) differing only in their source of wheat (Triticum sp.) cytoplasm were studied to determine its influence on the synthesis of cellular protein and related compounds. Microphotometric methods revealed higher levels of total cellular protein and RNA in triticales with hexaploid-wheat cytoplasm (T. aestivum L. em Thell) than those with tetraploid wheat cytoplasm (T. durum Desf.). Conversely a higher level of nuclear histone was found in tritical hybrids possessing tetraploid wheat cytoplasm. The utilization of hexaploid-wheat cytoplasm in the improvement of the agronomic performance of hexaploid triticale is suggested.

The expression level of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage regulates the developmental capacity of bovine embryos up to day-13 of in vitro culture

Zygote ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Velásquez ◽  
D. Veraguas ◽  
J. Cabezas ◽  
J. Manríquez ◽  
F.O. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Pluripotency Markers ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Developmental Capacity

SummaryQuality of in vitro-produced embryos is influenced by changes in gene expression in response to adverse conditions. Gene markers for predicting ‘good embryos’ do not exist at present. We propose that the expression of pluripotency markers OCT4–SOX2–NANOG in D9 (day 9) bovine demi-embryos correlated with development at D13 (day 13). Day 8 in vitro-produced blastocysts were split in two cloned halves, one half (D9) was subjected to analysis of pluripotency markers and the other was kept in culture until D13 of development. Embryo development was scored and correlated with its own status at D9 and assigned to one of two categories: G1, arrested/dead; or G2, development up to D13. SOX2 and NANOG expression levels were significantly higher in embryos from G1 and there was also negative correlation between SOX2 and embryo survival to D13 (G3; r = −0.37; P = 0.03). We observed a significant reduction in the expression of the three studied genes from D9 to D13. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the expression of pluripotency markers at D9 and embryo diameter and the expression of trophoblastic markers at D13 (TP1–EOMES–FGF4–CDX2–TKDP1). Finally, the quotient between the relative expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in the D9 blastocysts from G1 and G2 showed that embryos that were considered as competent (G2) had a quotient close to one, while the other group had a quotient of 2.3 due to a higher expression of SOX2. These results might indicate that overexpression of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage had a negative effect on the control of embryonic developmental potential.

A comparative study of the changes of peroxidase patterns during wheat, rye, and triticale germination

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3393-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Asíns ◽  
C. Benito ◽  
M. Pérez de la Vega
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Peroxidase Isozymes ◽  
Secale Cereale L

A comparative study on the electrophoretic peroxidase patterns of rye (Secale cereale L.), tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum), hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and hexaploid Triticale during kernel germination has been carried out. Endosperm, embryo, coleoptile, and the first leaf have been analyzed. A drastic change in peroxidase patterns was observed during the first hours of germination in all the materials studied. The triticale peroxidase patterns were similar to tetraploid wheat female parent patterns. The chromosomal locations of two leaf peroxidase isozymes of hexaploid wheat 'Chinese Spring' are also reported. These two isozymes, C9 and C10, are associated with chromosome arms 3DS and 7DS, respectively.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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