CROSSING OVER IN A DOUBLE TRANSLOCATION IN DROSOPHILA

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Robinson ◽  
C. F. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Differential Segment ◽  
Translocation Heterozygote

The production and fertility of a double translocation heterozygote in Drosophila melanogaster are reported. A difference in the fertility of male and female double heterozygotes was recorded and explained on the basis of crossing over, occurring in the differential segments of female double heterozygotes, producing extra unbalanced gametes. It was shown that crossing over was absent from one differential segment but the amount of crossing over occurring in the other differential segment was measured. The possible use of multiple translocation systems for pest control is discussed with particular reference to the use of double translocation heterozygotes.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RECOMBINATION-DEFECTIVE MEIOTIC MUTANTS ON FOURTH-CHROMOSOME CROSSING OVER IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-712
Author(s):  
L Sandler ◽  
Paul Szauter
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Fourth Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Mutants ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT Crossing over was measured on the normally achiasmate fourth chromosome in females homozygous for one of our different recombination-defective meiotic mutants. Under the influence of those meiotic mutants that affect the major chromosomes by altering the spatial distribution of exchanges, meiotic fourth-chromosome recombinants were recovered irrespective of whether or not the meiotic mutant decreases crossing over on the other chromosomes. No crossing over, on the other hand, was detected on chromosome 4 in either wild type or in the presence of a meiotic mutant that decreases the frequency, but that does not affect the spatial distribution, of exchange on the major chromosomes. It is concluded from these observations that (a) in wild type there are regional constraints on exchange that can be attenuated or eliminated by the defects caused by recombination-defective meiotic mutants; (b) these very constraints account for the absence of recombination on chromosome 4 in wild type; and (c) despite being normally achiasmate, chromosome 4 responds to recombination-defective meiotic mutants in the same way as do the other chromosomes.

scholarly journals VERMILION-DEFICIENCY

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin B. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Lethal Action ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
The Individual

In May, 1916, a culture of Drosophila melanogaster showed that a new sex-linked lethal had arisen. The linkage relations indicated that the position of the lethal was in the neighborhood of the sex-linked recessive "vermilion," whose locus in the X chromosome is at 33.0. When females heterozygous for the lethal were outcrossed to vermilion males, all the daughters that received the lethal-bearing chromosome showed vermilion eye-color, though, from the pedigree, vermilion was known to be absent from the ancestry of the mother. The lethal action and the unexpected appearance of vermilion both suggested that this was another instance of the phenomenon called "deficiency;" that is, the loss or "inactivation" of the genes of a section of the X chromosome. The lethal action would then be due to the deficient region including one or more genes necessary for the life of the individual. The appearance of vermilion in females carrying only one vermilion gene would be explainable on the ground that the deficient-bearing females are virtually haploid for the region including the vermilion locus. Linkage tests showed that the amount of crossing over in the neighborhood of the deficiency was cut down by about five units. Part of this may be attributed to the actual length of the "deficient" region, within which it is probable that no crossing over occurs, and part (probably most) to an alteration in the synaptic relations in the regions immediately adjacent. In more remote regions there was no disturbance or perhaps a slight rise in the frequency of crossing over. Both the local fall and the possible rise in more distant regions would seem to argue that a "pucker" at synapsis had been caused by an actual shortening of the deficient chromosome. That the deficient region extends to the left of the locus of vermilion was indicated by a test in which it was observed that the presence of an extra piece of chromosome including the loci for vermilion and sable ("vermilion-sable duplication") did not neutralize the lethal action of the deficiency. Haploid tests with the other recessive mutations in the neighborhood of vermilion showed that the deficiency was not extensive enough to include their loci. Cytological preparations were made but were unsatisfactory. The stock was finally lost, apparently as the result of injurious action upon viability, fertility, and productivity by the deficiency.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF EXCHANGE TO NONDISJUNCTION IN HETEROLOGOUS CHROMOSOME PAIRS IN THE DROSOPHILA FEMALE

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-503
Author(s):  
E Novitski
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossing Over

ABSTRACT An analysis of the relationships in Drosophila melanogaster between one set of homologues (third chromosome) undergoing crossing over and a second, independent set (X chromosome) undergoing nondisjunction shows that the nondisjunctional set almost invariably segregates from one of the members of the crossover set and not the other. The results seem contradictory to the expectations based on the "distributive pairing hypothesis" according to which nondisjunctional (i.e., noncrossover) elements form a "distributive pool" whose members behave independently of those which have been involved in exchange.

Items’ Cross-Category Associations as a Confounding Factor in the Implicit Association Test

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Inga Plewe
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Association Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaction Time Difference ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Degree Of Association

Abstract. The introduction of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) has stimulated numerous research activities. The IAT is supposed to measure the degree of association between concepts. Instances have to be assigned to these concepts by pressing appropriate keys as quickly as possible. The reaction time difference between certain conditions, termed the IAT effect, is used as an indicator of the degree of the concepts’ association. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of association between one concept (or category) and the instances of the other presented concept also influences reaction times. In our experiment, the instances in the target categories, male and female names, were kept constant. The adjectives in the evaluative categories were manipulated: Either the pleasant adjectives were female-associated and the unpleasant adjectives were male-associated, or vice versa. These stereotypic associations were indeed found to exert a substantial influence on the size of the IAT effect. This finding casts doubt on the assumption that the IAT effect may be interpreted as a pure measure of the degree of association between concepts.

LANGUAGE USE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE HOST IN HITAM PUTIH TALK SHOW

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmaliana Sari ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Domestic Activities ◽  
Female Host ◽  
Negative Connotation ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study discusses about language use occurred by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study are male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The data are the utterances produced by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. This research focuses on the show broadcasted on October 2016 by taking 4 videos randomly. The objective of this study is to describe kinds of the language use uttered by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The findings showed that the kinds of language use consist of 6 parts. The dominant language use uttered by male host is expletive, because male’s utterances are frequently stated in a negative connotation. On the other hand, female host utterances are found in specialized vocabulary as the most dominant because female host has more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, and fashion, etc. Women also tended to talk about one thing related to the home and domestic activities. However, the representation of language use uttered by male and female are deficit, dominance and different. Keywords: Language Use, Gender, Talk Show

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: IV. THE NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF THE MUSCLE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of muscle of migrating sockeye salmon were investigated. These constituents were found to be the same in both male and female fish and were present in approximately the same amounts in both sexes. The histidine content of the muscle in all fish decreased to one fifth of the original value during the early stages of the migratory journey and remained at the low level thereafter. Some of the other constituents changed to a smaller extent, usually increasing in the later stages of the migration. This was especially noticeable in female fish. However, the increase in the concentration of these constituents in the muscle was due to a decrease in the amount of muscle in the fish rather than to an increase in the amounts of the compounds themselves.

scholarly journals Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species both affect reproductive success in male and female Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biz R. Turnell ◽  
Luisa Kumpitsch ◽  
Klaus Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Male And Female

AbstractSperm aging is accelerated by the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage to various cellular components. Aging can be slowed by limiting the production of mitochondrial ROS and by increasing the production of antioxidants, both of which can be generated in the sperm cell itself or in the surrounding somatic tissues of the male and female reproductive tracts. However, few studies have compared the separate contributions of ROS production and ROS scavenging to sperm aging, or to cellular aging in general. We measured reproductive fitness in two lines of Drosophila melanogaster genetically engineered to (1) produce fewer ROS via expression of alternative oxidase (AOX), an alternative respiratory pathway; or (2) scavenge fewer ROS due to a loss-of-function mutation in the antioxidant gene dj-1β. Wild-type females mated to AOX males had increased fecundity and longer fertility durations, consistent with slower aging in AOX sperm. Contrary to expectations, fitness was not reduced in wild-type females mated to dj-1β males. Fecundity and fertility duration were increased in AOX and decreased in dj-1β females, indicating that female ROS levels may affect aging rates in stored sperm and/or eggs. Finally, we found evidence that accelerated aging in dj-1β sperm may have selected for more frequent mating. Our results help to clarify the relative roles of ROS production and ROS scavenging in the male and female reproductive systems.

scholarly journals EXTRACHROMOSOMAL ELEMENT DELTA IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. IX. INDUCTION OF DELTA-RETAINING CHROMOSOME LINES BY MUTATION AND GENE MAPPING

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-487
Author(s):  
Sumio Minamori ◽  
Kinue Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Chromosomal Gene ◽  
Ethyl Methane Sulfonate ◽  
Methane Sulfonate ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Ethyl Methane ◽  
Extrachromosomal Element ◽  
Polygenic System ◽  
Killing Action

ABSTRACT [Delta b], symbolized as [δb], is retained by Sb chromosome lines and transmitted through the females to their progeny. Transmission through the males is not directly demonstrable (Minamori 1969a). [delta r], symbolized as [δr], is retained by Sr chromosome lines and transmitted biparentally (Minamori 1971). The multiplication of delta is suppressed at low temperature. All descendant lines derived from Sb-carrying or Sr-carrying flies in which the presence of delta cannot be demonstrated gradually accumulate their specific delta factors over many generations (Minamori 1969b, 1972). The delta factors and the sensitive chromosomes are inseparably associated. This observation led to the assumption that delta may be a copy of a chromosomal gene or a certain agent integrated into the chromosome (Minamori 1972). This assumption was examined in the present study by experiments designed to induce delta-retaining sensitive chromosomes, and to map the gene(s) responsible for delta-retention and/or for sensitivity to the killing action of delta factor. One sensitive chromosome which retained [δb] (Sb chromosome) was obtained in the presence of [δb] out of 2492 insensitive chromosomes which retained no delta; in addition one Sb chromosome was obtained in the presence of [δr] out of 2131 insensitives. The latter finding suggests that Sb might be induced by a mutation caused by [δb] or [δr], but not by integration of either delta into the chromosome. Four Sb chromosomes and one sensitive chromosome which retained [δr] (Sr chromosome) were obtained out of 1970 insensitives when males carrying the chromosome were fed an alkylating mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The location of delta-retaining genes was examined by crossing-over experiments employing eight Sb and five Sr chromosomes. The genes on these chromosomes were found to be located in the same region or near one another. The gene for [δb], symbolized as Dab, and the gene for [δr], symbolized as Dar, are assumed to be multiple alleles of a locus at 2-24.9. The sensitivity of the chromosomes was modified appreciably by recombination; hence, the genes controlling this trait are assumed to be a polygenic system. The findings obtained in this study lead to the hypothesis that delta may be produced by a chromosomal gene (Da) and transmitted extrachromosomally.

scholarly journals ORIENTATION DISRUPTOR (ord): A RECOMBINATION-DEFECTIVE AND DISJUNCTION-DEFECTIVE MEIOTIC MUTANT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-572
Author(s):  
James M Mason
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Prophase I ◽  
Sister Chromatids

ABSTRACT The effects of a semidominant autosomal meiotic mutant, orientation disruptor (symbol: ord), located at 2-103.5 on the genetic map and in region 59B-D of the salivary map, have been examined genetically and cytologically. The results are as follows. (1) Crossing over in homozygous females is reduced to about seven percent of controls on all chromosomes, with the reduction greatest in distal regions. (2) Crossing over on different chromosomes is independent. (3) Reductional nondisjunction of any given chromosome is increased to about thirty percent of gametes from homozygous females. The probability of such nondisjunction is the same among exchange and nonexchange tetrads with the exception that a very proximal exchange tends to regularize segregation. (4) Equational nondisjunction of each chromosome is increased to about ten percent of gametes in homozygous females; this nondisjunction is independent of exchange. (5) The distributive pairing system is operative in homozygous females. (6) In homozygous males, reductional nondisjunction of each chromosome is increased to about ten percent, and equational nondisjunction to about twenty percent, of all gametes. (7) Cytologically, two distinct meiotic divisions occur in spermatocytes of homozygous males. The first division looks normal although occasional univalents are present at prophase I and a few lagging chromosomes are seen at anaphase I. However, sister chromatids of most chromosomes have precociously separated by metaphase II. Possible functions of the ord+ gene are considered.

scholarly journals A hobo Transgene That Encodes the P-Element Transposase in Drosophila melanogaster: Autoregulation and Cytotype Control of Transposase Activity

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Simmons ◽  
Kevin J Haley ◽  
Craig D Grimes ◽  
John D Raymond ◽  
Jarad B Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
P Element ◽  
Hsp70 Gene ◽  
Alternate Splicing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Transposase Expression

Abstract Drosophila were genetically transformed with a hobo transgene that contains a terminally truncated but otherwise complete P element fused to the promoter from the Drosophila hsp70 gene. Insertions of this H(hsp/CP) transgene on either of the major autosomes produced the P transposase in both the male and female germlines, but not in the soma. Heat-shock treatments significantly increased transposase activity in the female germline; in the male germline, these treatments had little effect. The transposase activity of two insertions of the H(hsp/CP) transgene was not significantly greater than their separate activities, and one insertion of this transgene reduced the transposase activity of P(ry+, Δ2-3)99B, a stable P transgene, in the germline as well as in the soma. These observations suggest that, through alternate splicing, the H(hsp/CP) transgene produces a repressor that feeds back negatively to regulate transposase expression or function in both the somatic and germline tissues. The H(hsp/CP) transgenes are able to induce gonadal dysgenesis when the transposase they encode has P-element targets to attack. However, this ability and the ability to induce P-element excisions are repressed by the P cytotype, a chromosomal/cytoplasmic state that regulates P elements in the germline.

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