RELATIONSHIPS OF THE POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES OF DROSOPHILA MEDIOSTRIATA AND D. GRISEOLINEATA

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 952-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas D. Kastritsis ◽  
Georges Pasteur ◽  
Joan Quick
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Banding Sequence ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Comparisons of the polytene chromosomes of late third instar larvae of Drosophila mediostriata (tripunctata group) and D. griseolineata (guaramunu group) revealed that distinct banding and puffing similarities exist between the species. The most impressive similarities were found to exist between the 3rd mediostriata and the 2nd griseolineata chromosomes; almost the entire length of this element of the former species could be homologized with that of the latter. Two simple inversions could account for the differences in banding sequence for this element if one were to disregard the fact that the griseolineata 2nd chromosome was considerably longer than the mediostriata 3rd.The amount of similarity found between the chromosomes of the species considered here is greater by far than that which can be found when mediostriata is compared to other species of the tripunctata group. It is concluded that the grouping of the species of this section of the phylogenetic tree of Drosophila must be reviewed and possibly revised.

scholarly journals Impacts of dietary exposure to sodium or potassium salts of nitrate and nitrite on the development of Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashim Kumar Basak ◽  
Tridip Chatterjee ◽  
Swapan Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Amit Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

AbstractThe effects of four food additives, namely sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrite (KNO2), and potassium nitrate (KNO3), on animal development were evaluated by using Drosophila melanogster, a model organism. Adult male and female flies were allowed to breed in culture medium, each containing one of 4 concentrations,i.e.10, 20, 30 or 40 mM of the above mentioned salts. The concentration of 40 mM, NaNO2and KNO2 completely arrested the development of the flies. Of the different concentrations of the four salts tested, exposure of flies to 30 mM NaNO2exhibited only significant delays in the initial appearances of third instar larvae, pupae and young adults, along with huge reduction in the number of pupae and young adults compared to controls. Rearrangements like inversions, deletion looping, regional shrinking, as well as highly enlarged puffing,etc.were also observed in the polytene chromosomes of the third instar larvae exposed to 30 mM NaNO2. Developmental outcomes of the flies exposed to varying concentrations of NaNO3and KNO3 did not differ significantly from the controls. Owing to the extensive genetic homology between Drosophila and human and the successful uses of this fly as models in developmental and toxicological studies, we speculate that the experimental results exhibited by this organism in our study strongly advocate for abstaining from the dietary use of NaNO2and KNO2 during human pregnancies to avoid possible negative developmental outcomes.

scholarly journals Karyotype and COI gene sequence of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Gydan Peninsula, Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-458
Author(s):  
Viktor V. Bolshakov ◽  
Alexander A. Prokin ◽  
Sergey V. Artemenko
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Homozygous State ◽  
Banding Sequence ◽  
First Time ◽  
Georgian Population

The karyotype features and gene COI sequence of Chironomus heteropilicornis Wülker, 1996 from the Gydan Peninsula are presented for the first time. Nine banding sequences were determined, eight of them hpiA2, hpiB1, hpiC1, hpiC2, hpiD1, hpiE1, hpiF3 and hpiG1 were previously known from European, Georgian (South Caucasus) and Siberian populations. One new banding sequence for Ch. heteropilicornis, hpiB2, was found. The hpiA2 banding sequence was found in all individuals, and this is its second finding after the Georgian population (Karmokov 2019). The hpiF3 banding sequence was found only in the homozygous state. Additional B-chromosomes are absent. The genetic distances (K2P) between Ch. heteropilicornis COI gene sequence from Gydan Peninsula and Norway are 1.1­–1.3%, and Georgia – 1.8%, much lower than the commonly accepted threshold of 3% for species of genus Chironomus Meigen, 1803. The phylogenetic tree for COI gene sequences estimated by Bayesian inference showed geographically determined clusters of Norway and Gydan and a separate lineage of the Georgian population of Ch. heteropilicornis. The analysis of karyotype and COI gene sequences shows that the population of Ch. heteropilicornis from the Gydan Peninsula has an intermediate position within the Ch. pilicornis group between Georgian, Yakutian and Norwegian populations. The position of Ch. pilicornis Fabricius, 1787 from Canada and Greenland on the phylogenetic tree is discussed.

The Drosophila Broad-Complex plays a key role in controlling ecdysone-regulated gene expression at the onset of metamorphosis

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Karim ◽  
G.M. Guild ◽  
C.S. Thummel
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression ◽  
Broad Complex ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

During Drosophila third instar larval development, one or more pulses of the steroid hormone ecdysone activate three temporally distinct sets of genes in the salivary glands, represented by puffs in the polytene chromosomes. The intermolt genes are induced first, in mid-third instar larvae; these genes encode a protein glue used by the animal to adhere itself to a solid substrate for metamorphosis. The intermolt genes are repressed at puparium formation as a high titer ecdysone pulse directly induces a small set of early regulatory genes. The early genes both repress their own expression and activate more than 100 late secondary-response genes. The Broad-Complex (BR-C) is an early ecdysone-inducible gene that encodes a family of DNA binding proteins defined by at least three lethal complementation groups: br, rbp, and l(1)2Bc. We have found that the BR-C is critical for the appropriate regulation of all three classes of ecdysone-inducible genes. Both rbp and l(1)2Bc are required for glue gene induction in mid-third instar larvae. In addition, the l(1)2Bc function is required for glue gene repression in prepupae; in l(1)2Bc mutants the glue genes are re-induced by the late prepupal ecdysone pulse, recapitulating a mid-third instar regulatory response at an inappropriate stage in development. The l(1)2Bc function is also required for the complete ecdysone induction of some early mRNAs (E74A, E75A, and BR-C) and efficient repression of most early mRNAs in prepupae. Like the intermolt secondary-response genes, the late secondary-response genes are absolutely dependent on rbp for their induction. An effect of l(1)2Bc mutations on late gene activity can also be detected, but is most likely a secondary consequence of the submaximal ecdysone-induction of a subset of early regulatory products. Our results indicate that the BR-C plays a key role in dictating the stage-specificity of the ecdysone response. In addition, the ecdysone-receptor protein complex alone is not sufficient for appropriate induction of the early primary-response genes, but requires the prior expression of BR-C proteins. These studies define the BR-C as a key regulator of gene activity at the onset of metamorphosis in Drosophila.

The polytene chromosomes of Simulium (Ectemnaspis) ignescens Roubaud and the related species Simulium "C," both from Colombia

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Duque ◽  
Paulina Muñoz de Hoyos ◽  
Klaus Rothfels
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Onchocerca Volvulus ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Banding Sequence ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Chromosome Iii

The paper describes the polytene chromosomes of Simulium (Ectemnaspis) ignescens from Colombia and compares them with those of a sympatric undescribed species designated Simulium "C." The two species share the entire banding sequence of chromosome arms IS, IL, and IIIS. Their IIIL arms differ by a single fixed inversion, but their second chromosomes exhibit multistep arrangement differences that were not completely resolved. The nucleolar organizer of S. ignescens is in the base of IIIS, that of Simulium "C" in the base of IS. Polymorphisms in IIS of S. ignescens exhibit partial sex linkage; no sex differential segments were demonstrated in Simulium "C." Common autosomal polymorphisms of both species involve preferentially chromosome III. Preliminary studies indicate that the chromosome maps of S. ignescens can serve as standards for other neotropical Simulium Latreille species including the important vectors of Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella ozzardi.

Integrated systematics of the Simuliidae (Diptera): evolutionary relationships of the little-known Palearctic black fly Simulium acrotrichum

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Yao Te Huang
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Additional Group ◽  
Banding Sequence ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Male Pupa

AbstractSimulium (Simulium) acrotrichum Rubtsov, a black fly from Central Asia, provides a platform for examining the evolutionary relationships of selected species groups in the subgenus Simulium Latreille. The female, male, pupa, and larva of S. acrotrichum are properly associated and morphologically redescribed and illustrated. The banding sequence of the larval polytene chromosomes is compared with that of the Simulium subgeneric standard, from which it differs by nearly 30 fixed rearrangements. Structural and chromosomal features indicate that S. acrotrichum is the sister species of S. flavidum Rubtsov. Simulium acrotrichum can be placed confidently in a group consisting of the S. malyschevi Dorogostaisky, Rubtsov, and Vlasenko and S. reptans (L.) groups, which are part of a larger clade that also includes the S. jenningsi Malloch group. This more inclusive clade is defined chromosomally by a minimum of four fixed inversions, compared with the standard map for the subgenus Simulium. All four inversions are uniquely derived relative to the two selected outgroups, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum Zetterstedt and Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer). The independent monophyly of the S. malyschevi and S. reptans groups, however, cannot be tested without study of additional group members. The problems illustrated by the taxonomic identity and phylogenetic placement of S. acrotrichum argue for an integrated approach to simuliid systematics, drawing from the character stores of morphology, cytology, and molecular biology.

scholarly journals MASS PREPARATION OF NUCLEI FROM THE LARVAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF DROSOPHILA HYDEI

1968 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Boyd ◽  
Hans D. Berendes ◽  
Hudson Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Drosophila Hydei ◽  
Rna And Dna ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

A method has been developed for isolating gram quantities of salivary glands from late third instar larvae of Drosophila hydei. The isolated glands have a normal appearance and incorporate RNA and DNA precursors normally. Nuclei can be isolated from these glands in 90% yield with the use of detergents. These nuclei contain morphologically normal giant polytene chromosomes.

Taxonomy and biology of Simulium clarkei Stone & Snoddy(Diptera: Simuliidae), a poorly known black fly of the southeastern United States

Zootaxa ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
JOHN K. MOULTON ◽  
PETER H. ADLER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ventral Plate ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Banding Sequence ◽  
Southern Georgia

Simulium clarkei Stone & Snoddy was the least known species of black fly in the eastern United States prior to our recent collections from southern Virginia (type locality) to southern Georgia, which yielded good series of all life stages after the egg. On the basis of these collections, we describe the female and the banding patterns of the polytene chromosomes, redescribe the larva, pupa, and male, and provide biological and distributional information. Simulium clarkei most closely resembles S. emarginatum Davies, Peterson, & Wood, but can be distinguished by the banding sequence of its larval polytene chromosomes and the shape of the male ventral plate.

Sequencing Analysis and Phylogenetic Tree of HPV Isolated from Breast Cancer Patients at Thi-Qar Province/Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
The North ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
History Of

Genetic variety examination has demonstrated fundamental to the understanding of the epidemiological and developmental history of Papillomavirus (HPV), for the development of accurate diagnostic tests and for efficient vaccine design. The HPV nucleotide diversity has been investigated widely among high-risk HPV types. To make the nucleotide sequence of HPV and do the virus database in Thi-Qar province, and compare sequences of our isolates with previously described isolates from around the world and then draw its phylogenetic tree, this study done. A total of 6 breast formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) of the female patients were included in the study, divided as 4 FFPE malignant tumor and 2 FFPE of benign tumor. The PCR technique was implemented to detect the presence of HPV in breast tissue, and the real-time PCR used to determinant HPV genotypes, then determined a complete nucleotide sequence of HPV of L1 capsid gene, and draw its phylogenetic tree. The nucleotide sequencing finding detects a number of substitution mutation (SNPs) in (L1) gene, which have not been designated before, were identified once in this study population, and revealed that the HPV16 strains have the evolutionary relationship with the South African race, while, the HPV33 and HPV6 showing the evolutionary association with the North American and East Asian race, respectively.

Effect of carbofuran on quantitative and qualitative alterations in haemolymph of larva of Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
V.S. Salini
Keyword(s):  
Oral Route ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Oryctes Rhinoceros ◽  
Total Haemocyte Count ◽  
Differential Haemocyte Count ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Investigation to evaluate the toxicity of carbofuran pesticides on haematological parameters of third instar larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros L. Indicated alterations in total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count for toxicity assessment. Various doses of carbofuran (0.05g, 0.010g and 0.015 g) applied on insect through oral route and its impact after 24 hours of its application revealed that various doses of carbofuran exert specific alterations in both total and differential haemocytes of insect haemolymph.

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