Gene structure dynamics and divergence of the polygalacturonase gene family of plants and fungus

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-C. Park ◽  
S.-J. Kwon ◽  
P.-H. Kim ◽  
T. Bureau ◽  
N.-S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Structure ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Intron Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phase 0 ◽  
Per Gene

Whole copies of the polygalacturonase (PG) genes from rice ( Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) and a filamentous fungus ( Aspergillus oryzae ) were isolated. The orthologs of the rice PGs were also retrieved from other plant species. The 106 plant PGs analyzed were divided into 5 clades, A, B, C, D, and E. The fungus PGs were classified into 3 clades, of which one formed a loose cluster with clade E of the plant PGs. Four domain motifs (I, II, III, IV) were identified in all PGs. Motifs II and III were split by introns such as G/DDC and CGPGHGIS/IGSLG, respectively. In plant PGs there were 446 introns in total and 3.98 introns per gene. Intron phase distribution was 65.5% for phase 0, 19.7% for phase 1, and 14.8% for phase 2 in plant PGs. In the PGs of A. oryzae there were 37 introns of phase 0 (59.5%), phase 1 (24.3%), and phase 2 (16.2%), with 2.47 introns per gene. The 5 clades of plant PGs were divided into 3 basic gene structure lineages. Intron positions and phases were conserved among the PGs in the first 2 lineages. The third lineage consisted of PGs of clade E, which also carried highly conserved introns at different positions from other PGs. Intron positions were not as highly conserved in fungus PGs as in plant PGs. The introns in the current PGs have been present since before the divergence of monocots from dicots. The results obtained show that differential losses of introns created gene diversity, which was followed by segmental and tandem duplication in plant PGs.

PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hasan Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

scholarly journals Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 clinical trial (ABDALA Study).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Hernandez-Bernal ◽  
Maria del Carmen Ricardo-Cobas ◽  
Yenima Martin-Bauta ◽  
Zadis Navarro-Rodriguez ◽  
Marjoris Pinera-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Protein Vaccine ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
The Third

Aim: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine (Abdala), administered intramuscularly in different strengths and vaccination schedules. Method: A phase 1-2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done. Subjects were randomly distributed in 3 groups: placebo, 25 and 50 μg RBD. The product was applied intramuscularly, 0.5 mL in the deltoid region. During the first phase, two immunization schedules were studied: short (0-14-28 days) and long (0-28-56 days). In phase 2, only the short scheme was evaluated. The main endpoints were: safety and proportion of subjects with seroconversion of anti-RBD IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples were collected in several points according to the corresponding vaccination schedule to determine the level of RBD-specific IgG antibodies (seroconversion rates and geometric mean of the titers), the percentage of inhibition of RBD-ACE-2 binding and levels of neutralizing antibodies. Results: The product was well tolerated. Severe adverse events were not reported. Adverse reactions were minimal, mostly mild and local (from the injection site), resolved in the first 24-48 hours without medication. In phase 1, at day 56 (28 days after the third dose of the short vaccination schedule, 0-14-28 days) seroconversion of anti-RBD IgG was seen in 95.2 % of the participants (20/21) for the 50 μg group and 81 % of the participants (17/21) for the 25 μg group, and none in the placebo group (0/22); whereas neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were seen in 80 % of the participants (8/10) for the 50 μg group and 94.7% of the participants (18/19) for the 25 μg group. For the long schedule, at day 70 (14 days after the third dose) seroconversion of anti-RBD IgG was seen in 100% of the participants (21/21) for the 50 μg group and 94.7% of the participants (18/19) for the 25 μg group, and none in the placebo group (0/22); whereas neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were seen in 95 % of the participants (19/20) for the 50 μg group and 93.8% of the participants (15/16) for the 25 μg group In phase 2, at day 56 seroconversion of anti-RBD IgG was seen in 89.2% of the participants (214/240) for the 50 μg group, 77.7% of the participants (185/238) for the 25 μg group, and 4.6% in the placebo group (11/239); whereas neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were seen in 97.3% of the participants (146/150) for the 50 μg group and 95.1% of the participants (58/61) for the 25 μg group. Conclusion: Abdala vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was safe, well tolerated and induced humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 among adults from 19 to 80 years of age.

scholarly journals Sodium Exchange in Dog Ventricular Muscle

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1221-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Papillary Muscle ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Exchange Constant ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Active Tension ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Stable Function ◽  
Phase 0 ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Sodium Exchange

Sodium exchange was studied in the arterially perfused papillary muscle of the dog. Three kinetically defined phases accounted for all the myocardial sodium: phase 0 (vascular)-λo (exchange constant) = 3.6 min-1 phase 1 (interstitial)-λ1 = 0.62 min-1; phase 2 (intracellular)-λ2 < 0.020 min-1 in quiescent muscles. The phase 2 exchange rate was proportional to frequency of contraction and increased by approximately 0.004 min-1 for each 1 beat/min increment in rate in muscles demonstrating stable function. A sudden increase in frequency of contraction was followed by a marked increase in phase 2 sodium exchange if muscle function did not deteriorate. This increased exchange required 14 min to achieve a steady state. During this time active tension increased (positive staircase) and then declined to become stable as the sodium exchange stabilized. In muscles in which increased frequency of contraction produced a progressive decrease in active tension and contracture, sodium exchange failed to increase. The characteristics of sodium exchange are compared to those previously defined for calcium and potassium in the perfused dog papillary muscle. It is proposed that alteration in sodium exchange is a primary determinant of calcium and potassium movements and thereby plays a significant role in the control of myocardial contractility.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activity of the Radiological Emergency Department: the experience of the Maggiore della Carità Hospital in Novara

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garlisi ◽  
D. Licandro ◽  
A. Siani ◽  
S. Rodolfi ◽  
S. Pansini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Phase 0 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ct Studies

Abstract Purpose During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the activity of Emergency Departments worldwide changed dramatically, focusing on diagnosis and care of the Sars-Cov-2 associated disease. These major changes also involved the activity of the Emergency Radiology Department (ERD). This study aimed to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on imaging studies, both in terms of the amount, frequency and subspecialty of different imaging modalities requested to the ERD of the Maggiore della Carità Hospital in Novara (Italy). Methods To this end, our observational study took into account the imaging studies requested by the emergency department during three-time spans. These were defined as phase 0 (pre-pandemic), phase 1 (pandemic peak with complete lockdown) and phase 2 (post-pandemic peak with partial lifting of restrictive measures), as derived from Italian urgent decrees by the President of the Council of Ministers (DPCM) which established the duration and entity of the lockdown measures throughout the pandemic. The dataset was processed and then compared with Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results During the pandemic peak, our data showed a significant drop in the total number of studies requested and a significant rise in computed tomography (CT) studies. In particular, a statistically significant increase in chest CT studies was found, probably due to the high sensitivity of this imaging method in identifying pulmonary involvement during respiratory tract infection of possible viral etiology (SARS-Cov-2). Moreover, we observed a statistically significant decrease of X-ray (XR) and ultrasound (US) studies during phase 1 compared to phase 0 and phase 2 probably due to a reduction in the numbers of ER visits for minor traumas given the mobility restrictions and people hesitancy in visiting the ER due to fear of contagion. Conclusions We can conclude that the activity of the ERD was heavily impacted by the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Further studies will be needed to estimate the impact of the pandemic on public health in terms of excess mortality related to delayed diagnosis and care of non-COVID diseases.

Implementasi Metode K-Means Clustering Dalam Pengelompokan Bibit Tanaman Kopi Arabika

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Benny Ginting ◽  
Fristi Riandari
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Phase 0 ◽  
Coffee Seed

The diversity of coffee seed material which in the end makes it difficult for the Department of Agriculture and Plantation in classifying recommended seeds to be distributed and planted in coffee planting centers in their working areas, especially in Sarimunthe Village, Kec. Munte Karo District. Data mining is used to extract valuable information from a dataset and then present it in a format that is easy for humans to understand in order to make a decision. In this study, data processing of Arabica coffee seeds consisting of 30 items, in the Karo District Agriculture sector, in preparing the seeds to be distributed to the public, the assessment is divided into 3 phases, namely coffee seeds that do not produce (Phase 0-1 Year), immature (Phase 0-1 Year). Phase 1-2 Years) and produce (Phase 2 Years and above). The results of the calculation of the K-Means algorithm which have been grouped into clusters, it can be concluded that the recommended coffee seeds (C1) consist of 10 items, the coffee seeds that are not recommended (C2) consist of 7 types of coffee seeds and unfit coffee seeds. (C3) consists of 13 types of coffee seeds. .

Estudo Comparativo Entre o Concreto Leve de PET e o Concreto Leve de EPS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Dieison De Souza Lima ◽  
Emily Do Amaral ◽  
Kauana Gabriela Rocha De Lima ◽  
Rafael Capellari Fumegali ◽  
Thiago Dias Do Espírito Santo
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Plastic Containers

A geração de grandes volumes de resíduos sólidos tem sido um dos maiores problemas ambientais encontrados na atualidade e certamente o mais preocupante. Com o descarte inadequado de certos materiais, muita matéria-prima deixa de ser reaproveitada, como as embalagens plásticas pós-consumo de Politereftalato de Etileno – PET, um produto capaz de sobreviver mais de cem anos em condições adversas no meio ambiente. Deste modo, com o intuito de reciclar as embalagens de PET e ao mesmo tempo empregá-las na construção civil, foram realizados ensaios de concreto utilizando o PET como matéria-prima na fabricação de concreto leve, comparando suas características com traços de concretos leves tradicionais confeccionados com Poliestireno Expandido – EPS, conhecido como isopor. Foram fabricados na Fase 1, corpos de prova dos traços de concreto com EPS para avaliar os parâmetros iniciais, os métodos de dosagem e a definição do traço referência. Com o traço referência definido foi fabricado um concreto leve apenas com PET buscando obter características similares ao do traço com EPS. Na Fase 2, foram fabricados a partir do traço referência quatro tipos de concreto leve, o primeiro com PET, o segundo de PET com aditivo Bianco, buscando melhor aderência entre a argamassa e o PET, o terceiro com EPS e o quarto de EPS com aditivo Bianco. As amostras foram caracterizadas pelos ensaios de compressão, densidade e absorção de água. Com os resultados pode-se perceber que os comportamentos dos traços de concreto leves se assemelham visualmente, diferenciando apenas em seus pesos e resistências à compressão. Palavras-chave: Concreto Leve. EPS. Isopor. PET. AbstractThe generation of large volumes of solid waste has been one of the biggest environmental problems found nowadays and certainly the most worrisome. With the inadequate disposal of certain materials, much of the raw material is no longer reused, such as the post-consumer plastic containers of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), a product capable of surviving more than 100 years in adverse conditions in the environment. Therefore, in order to recycle PET containers and at the same time to use them in construction, concrete tests were carried out using PET as a raw material in the manufacture of lightweight concrete, comparing its characteristics with traditional lightweight concrete formula made with Expanded Polystyrene - EPS, known as Styrofoam. Phase 1 concrete test specimens with EPS were produced to evaluate the initial parameters, the dosing methods and the reference concrete formula. With the reference concrete formula defined, a lightweight concrete was fabricated with PET only to obtain similar characteristics to the concrete formula with EPS. In Phase 2, four types of lightweight concrete were manufactured from the reference concrete formula, the first with PET, the second from PET with Bianco additive, seeking better adhesion between the mortar and the PET, the third with EPS and the fourth EPS with additive Bianco. The samples were characterized by compression, density and water absorption tests. With the results it can be seen that the behavior of the lightweight concrete formula resembles visually, differentiating only in their weights and resistance to compression. Keywords: Lightweight Concrete. EPS. Styrofoam. PET.

scholarly journals How Do Astronaut Candidate Profiles Differ From Airline Pilot Profiles?

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Maschke ◽  
Viktor Oubaid ◽  
Yvonne Pecena
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Airline Pilot ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
High Level

Sixteen years after the second Europe-wide astronaut selection campaign, the European Space Agency started the third campaign by putting out a call for new astronauts in 2008. Due to extreme environmental conditions, expensive scientific experiments, and high public interest, not only are the psychological requirements on a high level, but they are also wide in variety: Besides cognitive and psychomotor requirements, greater importance than in comparable campaigns was put on personality and behavioral aspects, especially regarding interpersonal aspects. The psychological selection was conducted in two steps: Phase 1 concentrated mainly on performance tests and Phase 2 focused on personality and interpersonal behavior. Out of the 902 tested candidates, 46 fulfilled the psychological requirements. Significant differences were found between the astronaut candidates and the general population as well as airline pilot candidates.

Rationalization and internalization

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Léon Beauvois
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

In situ deteriorating patient simulation in general practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. bjgp20X711425
Author(s):  
Joanna Lawrence ◽  
Petronelle Eastwick-Field ◽  
Anne Maloney ◽  
Helen Higham
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Patient Simulation ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Integrated Simulation ◽  
Deteriorating Patient

BackgroundGP practices have limited access to medical emergency training and basic life support is often taught out of context as a skills-based event.AimTo develop and evaluate a whole team integrated simulation-based education, to enhance learning, change behaviours and provide safer care.MethodPhase 1: 10 practices piloted a 3-hour programme delivering 40 minutes BLS and AED skills and 2-hour deteriorating patient simulation. Three scenarios where developed: adult chest pain, child anaphylaxis and baby bronchiolitis. An adult simulation patient and relative were used and a child and baby manikin. Two facilitators trained in coaching and debriefing used the 3D debriefing model. Phase 2: 12 new practices undertook identical training derived from Phase 1, with pre- and post-course questionnaires. Teams were scored on: team working, communication, early recognition and systematic approach. The team developed action plans derived from their learning to inform future response. Ten of the 12 practices from Phase 2 received an emergency drill within 6 months of the original session. Three to four members of the whole team integrated training, attended the drill, but were unaware of the nature of the scenario before. Scoring was repeated and action plans were revisited to determine behaviour changes.ResultsEvery emergency drill demonstrated improved scoring in skills and behaviour.ConclusionA combination of: in situ GP simulation, appropriately qualified facilitators in simulation and debriefing, and action plans developed by the whole team suggests safer care for patients experiencing a medical emergency.

Clinical Drug Development for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Collaboration With the Pharmaceutical Industry and Regulatory Agencies

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Preclinical Testing ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Drug development is the entire process of introducing a new drug to the market. It involves drug discovery, screening, preclinical testing, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the US or a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU, phase 1–3 clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval, and postapproval studies required for continuing safety evaluation. Preclinical testing assesses safety and biologic activity, phase 1 determines safety and dosage, phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and phase 3 confirms efficacy and monitors adverse effects in a larger number of patients. Postapproval studies provide additional postmarketing data. On average, it takes 15 years from preclinical studies to regulatory approval by the FDA: about 3.5–6.5 years for preclinical, 1–1.5 years for phase 1, 2 years for phase 2, 3–3.5 years for phase 3, and 1.5–2.5 years for filing the NDA and completing the FDA review process. Of approximately 5000 compounds evaluated in preclinical studies, about 5 compounds enter clinical trials, and 1 compound is approved (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, 2011). Most drug development programs include approximately 35–40 phase 1 studies, 15 phase 2 studies, and 3–5 pivotal trials with more than 5000 patients enrolled. Thus, to produce safe and effective drugs in a regulated environment is a highly complex process. Against this backdrop, what is the best way to develop drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an orphan disease often rapidly fatal within several years of diagnosis and in which spontaneous regression does not occur?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document