Investigation of the origin and transmission of linear mitochondrial plasmid based on phylogenetic analysis in Japanese rapeseed varieties

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Handa
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mitochondrial Plasmid ◽  
Linear Mitochondrial Plasmid ◽  
History Of

A linear mitochondrial plasmid is present in some varieties of rapeseed. To elucidate its origin and transmission the author investigated types of mitochondrial genome and the presence of plasmid in 78 rapeseed varieties and landraces in Japan and carried out a comparative analysis using the breeding history of Japanese rapeseed varieties. The mitochondrial genome of rapeseed was classified roughly into 2 types, type I (nap) and type II (cam). Type II rapeseed mitochondria closely resembles that of Brassica rapa , which is a related species of rapeseed. In this study, the author found that all varieties with type II mitochondria originated from interspecific crosses between rapeseed ( B. napus ) and B. rapa. This indicates that type II cytoplasm was introduced to rapeseed through a breeding program. The presence of plasmid was limited to B. rapa landraces and rapeseed varieties that arose by interspecific crosses between B. napus and B. rapa. The results suggest that mitochondrial plasmid is of B. rapa origin and that it has been introduced into rapeseed by interspecific crosses in a modern breeding program, as in the case of the mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic study of Japanese rapeseed varieties suggests the participation not of the mitochondrial genome but, rather, the nuclear genome for the perpetuation of plasmid in progeny varieties.

scholarly journals copia-, gypsy- and LINE-Like Retrotransposon Fragments in the Mitochondrial Genome of Arabidopsis thaliana

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Knoop ◽  
Michael Unseld ◽  
Joachim Marienfeld ◽  
Petra Brandt ◽  
Sabine Sünkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Plant Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Gypsy Group ◽  
History Of

Abstract Several retrotransposon fragments are integrated in the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. These insertions are derived from all three classes of nuclear retrotransposons, the Tyl/copia, Ty3/gypsy- and non-LTR/LINE-families. Members of the Ty3/gypsy group of elements have not yet been identified in the nuclear genome of Arabidopsis. The varying degrees of similarity with nuclear elements and the dispersed locations of the sequences in the mitochondrial genome suggest numerous independent transfer-insertion events in the evolutionary history of this plant mitochondrial genome. Overall, we estimate remnants of retrotransposons to cover ≥5% of the mitochondrial genome in Arabidopsis.

The Natural History of Cerebral Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae

Neurosurgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley A. Gross ◽  
Rose Du
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulae ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
History Of ◽  
Venous Ectasia ◽  
Cortical Venous Drainage

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage from cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) is a considerable source of neurological morbidity and even mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the natural history of cerebral dAVF. METHODS: We reviewed our own cohort of 70 dAVF and incorporated results from the literature, synthesizing pooled hemorrhage rates and evaluating risk factors for 395 dAVF in 6 studies. RESULTS: No hemorrhages occurred during 409 lesion-years of follow-up of Borden type I dAVF; however, cortical venous drainage developed in 1.4%. Like type I dAVF, type II dAVF demonstrated a female predilection and were most commonly transverse-sigmoid or cavernous. Eighteen percent of type II dAVF presented with hemorrhage (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8%-36%), and the annual hemorrhage rate was 6% (95% CI: 0.1%-19%). Borden type III dAVF demonstrated a male predilection and were most commonly tentorial or petrosal. Thirty-four percent presented with hemorrhage (95% CI: 0.4%-49%), with an annual hemorrhage rate of 10% (95% CI: 4%-20%), increasing to 21% for those with venous ectasia (95% CI: 4%-66%). The hemorrhage rate decreased to 2% for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic type II or III dAVF (95% CI: 0.2%-8%), and increased to 10% for those presenting with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits (95% CI: 0.9%-41%) and to 46% for those presenting with hemorrhage (95% CI: 11%-130%). CONCLUSION: Venous ectasia is a significant risk factor for hemorrhage among dAVF with cortical venous drainage. In addition, those with hemorrhagic presentation, even compared with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit presentation, as well as Borden type III dAVF compared with type II dAVF demonstrated a trend toward greater hemorrhage rates.

scholarly journals Unusual presentation of vitamin D3-dependent rickets type II in a kitten

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205511692091027
Author(s):  
Florent Duplan ◽  
Christina Maunder
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radiographic Changes

Case summary A 15-week-old kitten presented with a 1-month history of intermittent generalised tremors and abdominal distension. Hypocalcaemia associated with increased 1,25-vitamin D3 was consistent with vitamin D3-dependent rickets type II. The bone appearance on CT scan was most consistent with the changes typically seen with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and less typical of the changes seen with rickets. Our patient had a positive response to high vitamin D3 therapy as it remained normocalcaemic 16 months after diagnosis, supporting the diagnosis of rickets. Relevance and novel information This case report is an unusual and interesting presentation of rickets in a kitten. Despite the characteristic vitamin D3 disturbance for rickets type II, the atypical radiographic changes have not been previously reported. In the literature, a positive response to treatment is not commonly seen or follow-up is short. Our case responded well to treatment and was followed for 16 months from the time of diagnosis. This emphasises that the pathophysiology of the condition is not well understood, and that different types of vitamin D3-dependent rickets type II may exist. Although the genetic defects responsible for some cases of rickets type I have been identified, this has still not been determined for rickets type II.

scholarly journals Ecological divergence and hybridization of Neotropical Leishmania parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 25159-25168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Van den Broeck ◽  
Nicholas J. Savill ◽  
Hideo Imamura ◽  
Mandy Sanders ◽  
Ilse Maes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genome Scale

The tropical Andes are an important natural laboratory to understand speciation in many taxa. Here we examined the evolutionary history of parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis species complex based on whole-genome sequencing of 67 isolates from 47 localities in Peru. We first show the origin of Andean Leishmania as a clade of near-clonal lineages that diverged from admixed Amazonian ancestors, accompanied by a significant reduction in genome diversity and large structural variations implicated in host–parasite interactions. Within the Andean species, patterns of population structure were strongly associated with biogeographical origin. Molecular clock and ecological niche modeling suggested that the history of diversification of the Andean lineages is limited to the Late Pleistocene and intimately associated with habitat contractions driven by climate change. These results suggest that changes in forestation over the past 150,000 y have influenced speciation and diversity of these Neotropical parasites. Second, genome-scale analyses provided evidence of meiotic-like recombination between Andean and Amazonian Leishmania species, resulting in full-genome hybrids. The mitochondrial genome of these hybrids consisted of homogeneous uniparental maxicircles, but minicircles originated from both parental species. We further show that mitochondrial minicircles—but not maxicircles—show a similar evolutionary pattern to the nuclear genome, suggesting that compatibility between nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and minicircle-encoded guide RNA genes is essential to maintain efficient respiration. By comparing full nuclear and mitochondrial genome ancestries, our data expand our appreciation on the genetic consequences of diversification and hybridization in parasitic protozoa.

scholarly journals A transcriptome-based phylogenetic study of hard ticks (Ixodidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pierre Charrier ◽  
Axelle Hermouet ◽  
Caroline Hervet ◽  
Albert Agoulon ◽  
Stephen C. Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences

Abstract Hard ticks are widely distributed across temperate regions, show strong variation in host associations, and are potential vectors of a diversity of medically important zoonoses, such as Lyme disease. To address unresolved issues with respect to the evolutionary relationships among certain species or genera, we produced novel RNA-Seq data sets for nine different Ixodes species. We combined this new data with 18 data sets obtained from public databases, both for Ixodes and non-Ixodes hard tick species, using soft ticks as an outgroup. We assembled transcriptomes (for 27 species in total), predicted coding sequences and identified single copy orthologues (SCO). Using Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, we reconstructed a hard tick phylogeny for the nuclear genome. We also obtained a mitochondrial DNA-based phylogeny using published genome sequences and mitochondrial sequences derived from the new transcriptomes. Our results confirm previous studies showing that the Ixodes genus is monophyletic and clarify the relationships among Ixodes sub-genera. This work provides a baseline for studying the evolutionary history of ticks: we indeed found an unexpected acceleration of substitutions for mitochondrial sequences of Prostriata, and for nuclear and mitochondrial genes of two species of Rhipicephalus, which we relate with patterns of genome architecture and changes of life-cycle, respectively.

Pharmacological Foundations of Cannabis Chemovars

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (04) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lewis ◽  
Ethan Russo ◽  
Kevin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Chemical Profiles

AbstractAn advanced Mendelian Cannabis breeding program has been developed utilizing chemical markers to maximize the yield of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids with the aim to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety. Cannabis is often divided into several categories based on cannabinoid content. Type I, Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-predominant, is the prevalent offering in both medical and recreational marketplaces. In recent years, the therapeutic benefits of cannabidiol have been better recognized, leading to the promotion of additional chemovars: Type II, Cannabis that contains both Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and cannabidiol-predominant Type III Cannabis. While high-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and high-myrcene chemovars dominate markets, these may not be optimal for patients who require distinct chemical profiles to achieve symptomatic relief. Type II Cannabis chemovars that display cannabidiol- and terpenoid-rich profiles have the potential to improve both efficacy and minimize adverse events associated with Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure. Cannabis samples were analyzed for cannabinoid and terpenoid content, and analytical results are presented via PhytoFacts, a patent-pending method of graphically displaying phytocannabinoid and terpenoid content, as well as scent, taste, and subjective therapeutic effect data. Examples from the breeding program are highlighted and include Type I, II, and III Cannabis chemovars, those highly potent in terpenoids in general, or single components, for example, limonene, pinene, terpinolene, and linalool. Additionally, it is demonstrated how Type I – III chemovars have been developed with conserved terpenoid proportions. Specific chemovars may produce enhanced analgesia, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety effects, while simultaneously reducing sequelae of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol such as panic, toxic psychosis, and short-term memory impairment.

scholarly journals Management of Patients with Hereditary Angioedema During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Eray YILDIZ ◽  
Şevket ARSLAN ◽  
Fatih ÇÖLKESEN ◽  
Filiz Sadi AYKAN ◽  
Recep EVCEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hereditary Angioedema ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical course and treatment outcomes of patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) after infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients with HAE were included in this study. These patients were regularly followed up over phone calls since the first COVID-19 case was seen in our country. Patients were asked to visit the hospital if there was a history of contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient or if the patient developed clinical symptoms of COVID-19.Results: There were 21 (54%) patients with type I HAE, and 18 (46%) with type II HAE. All patients received treatment for angioedema attacks (C1-inhibitor [C1-INH], icatibant), and seven (20%) received long-term prophylaxis (danazol). Treatment for attacks was continued for all patients during the pandemic. Patients taking danazol were switched to long-term prophylaxis using the C1-INH concentrate. Eleven (28%) patients with HAE developed COVID-19 during this study. Only one patient had severe COVID-19. Six patients (54.5%) were diagnosed with type II HAE, and five (45.5%) were diagnosed with type I HAE. The most common COVID-19 symptoms were fever (7/11; 64%) and myalgia (6/11; 55%). Mild angioedema attacks were experienced by 36% (4/11) of the HAE patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Icatibant was used in all patients.Conclusion: Agents used for HAE block the kallikrein-kinin system and may be useful in the treatment of COVID-19. Considering their beneficial effects on COVID-19, it is recommended that HAE patients should continue the use of agents blocking the kallikrein-kinin system. Keywords: COVID-19, hereditary angioedema, kallikrein-kinin system, bradykinin, C1-INH

scholarly journals Три новых Санкт-Петербургских списка «Повести о происхождении табака» из книги «Пандок»

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (XXII) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Татьяна Бровкина
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of

This article reviews the placing in Tale’s text history of three records of The Tale on the Origin of Tobacco from the collection entitled Pandok stored in Saint Petersburg archives which were not analyzed earlier: BAN, Lukyanov collection, No. 107 (XVIII c.); NLR, collection of Kolobov, No. 334 (XVIII c.), and IRLI, Severodvinsk collection, No. 29 (XIX c.). The author demonstrates that the Lukyanov record and the Kolobov record belong to type I of the Tale’s main revision by the Institute of Russian Literature, and the record of the Severodvinsk collection combined the patterns of type I and type II. Textual analysis helped to identify the records of type I and type II ex-amined earlier by the author which were most similar to the text of three Tale’s records analyzed in this article.

Cryptic speciation in the living planktonic foraminifer Globigerinella siphonifera (d'Orbigny)

Paleobiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Huber ◽  
Jelle Bijma ◽  
Kate Darling
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cryptic Speciation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Maximum Test ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
History Of

Two living forms of Globigerinella siphonifera (d'Orbigny), presently identified as Type I and Type II, can easily be distinguished and collected by SCUBA divers because of differences in appearance, arrangement of the rhizopodial network, and the presence or absence of commensals. Additional biological differences are apparent from laboratory culture experiments; Type I individuals survive significantly longer than Type II under conditions of darkness and starvation and have significantly slower chamber formation rates. Stable isotopic analyses of Types I and II also reveal notable differences, with Type I consistently yielding more negative δ18O and δ13C values. Results of Mg/Ca ratio analyses indicate that Type II specimens precipitated their shells in slightly cooler (deeper) surface waters than Type I specimens. These observations and results from DNA sequencing unequivocally demonstrate that G. siphonifera Types I and II should be regarded as biological sister species.Contrarily, biometric analysis of the empty shells reveals few significant differences between G. siphonifera Types I and II. Of all the features measured from X-ray and SEM images of serially dissected specimens, only shell porosity yields readily discernible differences, with Type I adult chambers averaging 10–20% porosity and Type II adult chambers averaging 4–7% porosity. Statistically significant differences between Type I and II populations are revealed in maximum test diameter (Type I is typically larger) and coiling (Type I is typically more evolute), but these differences do not justify species level distinction of Types I and II using traditional paleontological species concepts.On the basis of the above evidence, and since all specimens were collected at the same location at ∼3–8 m water depth, we conclude that G. siphonifera Types I and II are living examples of cryptic speciation, whereby biological speciation has occurred in the absence of discernable change in shell morphology. However, it is not clear when or where this speciation took place. Preliminary study of deep-sea cores from the Caribbean and Pacific sides of the Isthmus of Panama reveals a predominance of specimens with Type II porosity values, with rare occurrence of specimens yielding Type I porosity values. Systematic downcore measurement of shell porosity and tightness of coiling needs to be extended back to the middle Miocene, when G. siphonifera first appeared, to determine the timing of the Type I and II morphological divergence.Postulated mechanisms for reproductive isolation and speciation of Types I and II include alloparapatric, depth parapatric, and sympatric speciation. These models could be tested if further analysis of fossil G. siphonifera shells allows determination of the timing of speciation, the preferred depth distribution, and the history of geographic distribution of Types I and II.

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