scholarly journals Review of plastic pollution policies of Arctic countries in relation to seabirds

FACETS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Jannie F. Linnebjerg ◽  
Julia E. Baak ◽  
Tom Barry ◽  
Maria V. Gavrilo ◽  
Mark L. Mallory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

Marine plastic is a ubiquitous environmental problem that can have an impact on a variety of marine biota, such as seabirds, making it an important concern for scientists and policy makers. Although research on plastic ingestion by seabirds is increasing, few studies have examined policies and long-term monitoring programs to reduce marine plastic in the Arctic. This paper provides a review of international, national, and regional policies and long-term monitoring programs that address marine plastic in relation to seabirds in the Arctic countries: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States of America. Results show that a broad range of international, national, regional and local policies address marine debris, specifically through waste management and the prevention of pollution from ships. However, few policies directly address seabirds and other marine biota. Further, policies are implemented inconsistently across regions, making it difficult to enforce and monitor the efficacy of these policies given the long-range transport of plastic pollution globally. To reduce marine plastic pollution in the Arctic environment, pan-Arctic and international collaboration is needed to implement standardized policies and long-term monitoring programs for marine plastic in the Arctic and worldwide.

Assessment of Hurricane Irma Impacts on South Florida Seagrass Communities Using Long-Term Monitoring Programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara S. Wilson ◽  
Bradley T. Furman ◽  
Margaret O. Hall ◽  
James W. Fourqurean
Keyword(s):  
South Florida ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Hurricane Irma

scholarly journals What is the most efficient and effective method for long-term monitoring of alpine tundra vegetation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Mamet ◽  
Nathan Young ◽  
Kwok P. Chun ◽  
Jill F. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Alpine Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vegetation Monitoring ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

Nondestructive estimations of plant community characteristics are essential to vegetation monitoring programs. However, there is no universally accepted method for this purpose in the Arctic, partly because not all programs share the same logistical constraints and monitoring goals. Our aim was to determine the most efficient and effective method for long-term monitoring of alpine tundra vegetation. To achieve this, we established 12 vegetation-monitoring plots on a south-facing slope in the alpine tundra of southern Yukon Territory, Canada. Four observers assessed these plots for vascular plant species abundance employing three methods: visual cover (VC) and subplot frequency (SF) estimation and modified point-intercept (PI) (includes rare species present but not intersected by a pin). SF performed best in terms of time required per plot and sensitivity to variations in species richness. All methods were similarly poor at estimating relative abundance for rare species, but PI and VC were substantially better at high abundances. Differences among methods were larger than among observers. Our results suggest that SF is best when the monitoring focus is on rare species or species richness across extensive areas. However, when the focus is on monitoring changes in relative abundance of common species, VC or PI should be preferred.

Robotics for Long-Term Monitoring

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarkis Shahin ◽  
Celso Duran
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

While long-term monitoring and stewardship means many things to many people, DOE has defined it as: “The physical controls, institutions, information, and other mechanisms needed to ensure protection of people and the environment at sites where DOE has completed or plans to complete cleanup (e.g., landfill closures, remedial actions, and facility stabilization).” Across the United States, there are thousands of contaminated sites with multiple contaminants released from multiple sources where contaminants have transported and commingled. The U.S. government and U.S. industry are responsible for most of the contamination and are landowners of many of these contaminated properties. These sites must be surveyed periodically for various criteria including structural deterioration, water intrusion, integrity of storage containers, atmospheric conditions, and hazardous substance release. The surveys, however, are intrusive, time-consuming, and expensive and expose survey personnel to radioactive contamination. In long-term monitoring, there’s a need for an automated system that will gather and report data from sensors without costly human labor. In most cases, a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) unit is used to collect and report data from a remote location. A SCADA unit consists of an embedded computer with data acquisition capabilities. The unit can be configured with various sensors placed in different areas of the site to be monitored. A system of this type is static, i.e., the sensors, once placed, cannot be moved to other locations within the site. For those applications where the number of sampling locations would require too many sensors, or where exact location of future problems is unknown, a mobile sensing platform is an ideal solution. In many facilities that undergo regular inspections, the number of video cameras and air monitors required to eliminate the need for human inspections is very large and far too costly. HCET’s remote harsh-environment surveyor (RHES) is a robotic platform with SCADA capabilities equipped with a sonar-imaging scanner, a high-resolution color CCD camera, and various combinations of sensors. The RHES is controlled remotely via a PC. This paper will discuss the development and application of this system.

Directions for the development of long-term monitoring programs for marine ecosystems for national park management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Chae-Lin Lee ◽  
Jae-Won Yoo ◽  
Byungkwan Jeoung ◽  
Chang-Soo Kim ◽  
Dong-Sik Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Park Management ◽  
National Park Management ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring
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