scholarly journals Distinguishing eastern North American forest moth pests by wing-scale ultrastructure: potential applications in paleoecology

FACETS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 493-506
Author(s):  
Kristen J. Milbury ◽  
Les C. Cwynar ◽  
Sara Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Wing Scale ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Hemlock Looper ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

The use of fossil moth wing scales has recently been introduced as a new method to reconstruct population histories of lepidopterans and provide a proxy for insect disturbance. We investigated the potential for using wing-scale ultrastructure to distinguish between the five most common outbreak species of moth pests in eastern North America: spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens), hemlock looper ( Lambdina fiscellaria Guenée), forest tent caterpillar ( Malacosoma disstria Hübner), blackheaded budworm ( Acleris variana Fernie), and jack pine budworm ( Choristoneura pinus Freeman). Using scanning electron images of scales, we made qualitative and quantitative comparisons of morphological traits at the ultrastructural level. We found that hemlock looper and eastern blackheaded budworm scales could be categorically separated from each other and from the three other species. We developed a quadratic discriminant function using measurements of ultrastructure traits that distinguishes scales of the three remaining species with an overall accuracy of 66%. We found that forest tent caterpillar could be well separated based on these traits, but we were less confident in distinguishing the closely related jack pine and spruce budworm. Our method offers potential advantages in scale identification for future studies in paleoecology, while providing the additional advantage of not requiring intact, unfolded, and undamaged scales.

INFECTION AND MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, AND FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA, CAUSED BY NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

AbstractCytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses are, in general, more infectious to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), and forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner), than the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses which affect these insects. The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses interfere with and retard development of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses.Larvae of both insects, as they grow older, develop resistance to both viruses. Resistance develops more rapidly and to a greater degree against the nuclear polyhedrosis than against the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses.The nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are more lethal than the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses, and all larvae infected with the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses die except those infected so late in larval development that they are able to pupate. Most young larvae infected with the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus die or are seriously affected, but infection has progressively less effect as the larvae mature.

EFFECTS OF THE MICROSPORIDIA NOSEMA DISSTRIAE AND PLEISTOPHORA SCHUBERGI ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Laboratory Cultures ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

During the summers of 1973 and 1974 examination of field collected samples of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, revealed the presence of a Pleistophora sp. (Wilson 1975). It has subsequently been determined as Pleistophora schubergi (Weiser 196 1 and pers. comm.). This microsporidium also appeared in laboratory cultures of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. M. disstria is often infected in nature by the microsporidium Nosema disstriae. Preliminary tests were undertaken to compare the effects of these two microsporidia on the development of the forest tent caterpillar.

PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1950 ◽  
Vol 28d (6) ◽  
pp. 308-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Wellington ◽  
J. J. Fettes ◽  
R. M. Belyea ◽  
K. B. Turner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Biological and meteorological records were examined for periods when outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were known to have occurred in northeastern North America. The survey showed that the following significant events occurred during the period of three to four years preceding an outbreak. Decreasing annual numbers of low pressure centers passed over the area in which the outbreak later occurred. Therefore, the outbreak began at a time of decreased or minimal storminess. Drought occurred, chiefly in June and July, but also occasionally in spring and autumn. Annual increments of host trees on dry sites declined. Outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., occurred, particularly in Ontario. These events, in aggregate, occurred so consistently before spruce budworm outbreaks that they have future predictive value. In addition, they reinforce some suggestions made by earlier authors and suggest modifications of hypotheses concerning the behavior of developing populations of the spruce budworm.

AIR-MASS CLIMATOLOGY OF ONTARIO NORTH OF LAKE HURON AND LAKE SUPERIOR BEFORE OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.), AND THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA HBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE; LASIOCAMPIDAE)

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Wellington
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Previous work showed that ideal physical conditions for the development of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occur when the weather is relatively dry and clear. These conditions have tended to occur in summers when the annual number of cyclonic centers passing over the area was declining, and have preceded past outbreaks. On the other hand, the physical requirements of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., include warm, humid, cloudy weather during much of the larval stage, and outbreaks of this species in Ontario have begun after an increase in the annual number of cyclonic passages. While the annual number of cyclonic passages is declining in periods before spruce budworm outbreaks in northern Ontario, the number of these passages in the summer months falls below average. Furthermore, the majority of the centers that do pass in these months contain air masses of polar continental or maritime origin. The more humid southwestern air masses are usually barred from the area by a southward shift of the whole circulation pattern. This situation is reversed in periods before M. disstria outbreaks. While the annual number of passages is increasing, the number occurring in the summer months is above average, as is the proportion of southwestern air masses occurring in these months. Northern and western air masses are usually active farther north, owing to a northward shift of the whole circulation pattern.

Infection of the Jack Pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, with a Nuclear Polyhidrosis Virus of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 906-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Stairs
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

A nuclear polyhedrosis virus has been isolated from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Bergold, 1949; Bird, 1949; Bergold, 1951; Bird and Whalen, 1954; Bird, 1959), but no similar virus has been recovered from the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman. Since these two species are very closely related (Smith, 1953) it was of interest to determine if C. pinus is susceptible to the C. fumiferana virus.

Derivation of Pheromone-Based Larval Thresholds in Spruce Budworm Accounting for Distance to Defoliated Forest Stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Ian DeMerchant ◽  
Pierre Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
General Guideline ◽  
Number Of Males

Abstract Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the most severe defoliator of Pinaceae in Nearctic boreal forests. Three tools widely used to guide large-scale management decisions (year-to-year defoliation maps; density of overwintering second instars [L2]; number of males at pheromone traps) were integrated to derive pheromone-based thresholds corresponding to specific intergenerational transitions in larval densities (L2i → L2i+1), taking into account the novel finding that threshold estimates decline with distance to defoliated forest stands (DIST). Estimates of thresholds were highly variable between years, both numerically and in terms of interactive effects of L2i and DIST, which limit their heuristic value. In the context of early intervention strategy (L2i+1 > 6.5 individuals per branch), however, thresholds fluctuated within relatively narrow intervals across wide ranges of L2i and DIST, and values of 40–200 males per trap may thus be used as general guideline.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

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