scholarly journals Could a residential wood ash recycling programme be part of the solution to calcium decline in lakes and forests in Muskoka (Ontario, Canada)?

FACETS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakira S.E. Azan ◽  
Norman D. Yan ◽  
Martha P. Celis-Salgado ◽  
Shelley E. Arnott ◽  
James A. Rusak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Ash ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Calcium Decline ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Cu And Zn

One possible solution to the recent decline of calcium (Ca) concentrations in Canadian Shield forests and lakes in eastern North America is the addition of Ca-rich wood ash to watersheds. We investigated the feasibility of using small, mainly residential sources of non-industrial wood ash (NIWA) for this purpose by quantifying concentrations of its major nutrients and metals, its toxicity to Daphnia in aqueous extracts, and estimating the amount of NIWA available in the District of Muskoka in central Ontario. Locally collected NIWA averaged 30% Ca, and also contained smaller but significant amounts of K, Mg, Na, and P. Of these, K was so soluble that it was toxic to Daphnia over 48 h in the concentrate and 10-fold dilution; however, sedimented ash was not toxic over 15 d. Most metal levels in NIWA were below targets permitting unrestricted land application. However, Cu and Zn were just above these targets, but well below those for conditional use. Muskoka residents generate about 235 000 kg of NIWA annually, not enough to treat all central Ontario areas affected; however, a NIWA recycling programme implemented across southern Ontario could generate enough ash to solve the Ca decline problem in Muskoka’s forests and lakes.

Soil Water Responses to Wood Ash Addition to Acidic Upland Soils: Implications for Combatting Calcium Decline in Lakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Carolyn Reid ◽  
Nathan Basiliko ◽  
Paul W. Hazlett ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Calcium Decline ◽  
Upland Soils

Distribution of the middorsal stripe dimorphism in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, in eastern North America

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Schueler ◽  
Francis R. Cook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Maritime Canada ◽  
Eurasian Species

The frequency of the middorsally striped morph of Rana sylvatica in Ontario and Manitoba varies from absence in southern Ontario to 80% on the coast of Hudson Bay, with a general value of 20–30% in the boreal forest, a rise to 50% on the forest–grassland ecotone in southern Manitoba, and a decline westward to 20% on the edge of the prairies. This morph is rare in the northeastern United States and Maritime Canada. The suggested relationship between its frequency and the "grassiness" of the background on which predators view it is reexamined, and it is suggested that a linkage with earlier transformation as demonstrated in Eurasian species may explain certain anomalies.

A case study review of wood ash land application programs in North America

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
ILICH LAMA ◽  
DEREK SAIN
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Agricultural Application ◽  
Application Programs

Several regulatory agencies and universities have published guidelines addressing the use of wood ash as liming material for agricultural land and as a soil amendment and fertilizer. This paper summarizes the experiences collected from several forest products facility-sponsored agricultural application programs across North America. These case studies are characterized in terms of the quality of the wood ash involved in the agricultural application, approval requirements, recommended management practices, agricultural benefits of wood ash, and challenges confronted by ash generators and farmers during storage, handling, and land application of wood ash. Reported benefits associated with land-applying wood ash include increasing the pH of acidic soils, improving soil quality, and increasing crop yields. Farmers apply wood ash on their land because in addition to its liming value, it has been shown to effectively fertilize the soil while maintaining soil pH at a level that is optimal for plant growth. Given the content of calcium, potassium, and magnesium that wood ash supplies to the soil, wood ash also improves soil tilth. Wood ash has also proven to be a cost-effective alternative to agricultural lime, especially in rural areas where access to commercial agricultural lime is limited. Some of the challenges identified in the review of case studies include lengthy application approvals in some jurisdictions; weather-related issues associated with delivery, storage, and application of wood ash; maintaining consistent ash quality; inaccurate assessment of required ash testing; potential increased equipment maintenance; and misconceptions on the part of some farmers and government agencies regarding the effect and efficacy of wood ash on soil quality and crop productivity.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHILODROMUS RUFUS COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mating Behaviors

The mating behaviors of Philodromus rufus-like spiders from the Pacific coast, northern Ontario, and southern Ontario near Belleville revealed two species and a subspecies. P. rufus Walckenaer is identified as a transcontinental species in which the males vibrate their legs in courtship and possess an "angular" retro-lateral apophysis on the palpal tibia. P. rufus vibrans Dondale is a small, heavily-speckled subspecies of rufus. The second species is P. exilis Banks, in which the males do not vibrate and have a "non-angular" apophysis, and which occurs in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence-Acadian forests of eastern North America.

The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1628-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Larson ◽  
P. E. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Selective Sampling ◽  
Niagara Escarpment ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Extensive random sampling of populations of Thuja occidentalis growing on vertical cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment in southern Ontario, Canada, was conducted to determine the extent of an old-growth forest that had recently been described. Nine sites distributed along the length of the escarpment were intensively sampled and from these, 1254 increment cores or cross sections were obtained from 872 trees in all age categories. The results show that all cliffs support a broadly similar old-growth forest of stunted trees, but that statistically significant differences were found in the numbers of trees among sites. No large differences among sites were found in heights or diameters of trees. Maximum ages of 532 (sampled) and 814 years (estimated) were found in the random census, although in subsequent selective sampling, intact stems up to 1032 years were found. The incidence of fire and cutting by humans was also measured, but little evidence of such disturbances was found. It is concluded that exposed cliff faces of the Niagara Escarpment support one of the oldest, most extensive, and most intact old-growth forest ecosystems yet described for eastern North America. The opportunities for the study of basic forest ecology and especially for dendrochronology are considerable. Key words: Thuja occidentalis, old growth, Niagara Escarpment, cliff, age structures.

Electrophoretic evidence for multiple origins of triploid forms in the Ambystoma laterale–jeffersonianum complex

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Lowcock ◽  
James P. Bogart
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Heterozygous Condition ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ambystoma Laterale ◽  
Hybrid Complexes

Variable allele frequencies and a wide range of genotypes in samples of triploid Ambystoma laterale–jeffersonianum (LLJ) hybrids indicate that these forms have arisen on many occasions. Though suggested previously, we show here the first clear evidence that this has taken place, with examples from two loci (Pgm-B, M-Aat-A) that have different biogeographic allele distributions. (i) A polymorphism at Pgm-B in Ambystoma laterale, otherwise restricted to northwestern Ontario, was found in both diploid A. laterale and co-occurring LLJ triploids in southern Ontario, where it is confined to the tip of the Bruce Peninsula. Diploids and triploids not possessing the allele also occur here and throughout the range of the A. laterale–jeffersonianum complex in eastern North America. (ii) An east coast A. laterale polymorphism at the M-Aat-A locus is also represented in both the homozygous and heterozygous condition within syntopic diploids and triploids in single populations. These data demonstrate multiple origins of triploidy, suggest continual gene exchange between diploids and triploids, and are analogous to data presented for other hybrid complexes of Ambystoma. The origins and distribution of the alleles in question are briefly considered, as they are of some biogeographic interest.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn Amounts in Muscles of Cyprinus Carpio from Karasu Stream, Sinop

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levent Bat ◽  
Fatih Şahin ◽  
Ayşah Öztekin ◽  
Elif Arici ◽  
Öztekin Yardim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Cu And Zn

Heavy metal contaminations in aquatic habitats effect negatively on the organisms that depend on the water. In this work heavy metal levels in edible tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Karasu Stream in Sinop in summer, autumn and winter were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. The accumulation pattern in the work is in the order of Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd> Hg. The amounts of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in carps were 0.022-0.036, 0.031-0.045, 0.22-0.29, 1.32-1.61 and 8.4-12.3 mg kg-1 wet wt., respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in C. carpio were all below the TFC and EC guidelines. Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) was 0.10722 and below 1 which showed that consumption of carp from the Karasu Stream has no health threats by now as the heavy metals investigated was concerned.

scholarly journals Temperature Effects During a Sublethal Chronic Metal Mixture Exposure on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Castaldo ◽  
Marion Pillet ◽  
Leen Ameryckx ◽  
Lieven Bervoets ◽  
Raewyn M. Town ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Ion Uptake ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Metal Mixture ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Cu And Zn

The aquatic environment is the final sink of various pollutants including metals, which can pose a threat for aquatic organisms. Waterborne metal mixture toxicity might be influenced by environmental parameters such as the temperature. In the present study, common carp were exposed for 27 days to a ternary metal mixture of Cu, Zn, and Cd at two different temperatures, 10 and 20°C. The exposure concentrations represent 10% of the 96 h-LC50 (concentration lethal for the 50% of the population in 96 h) for each metal (nominal metal concentrations of Cu: 0.08 μM; Cd: 0.02 μM and Zn: 3 μM). Metal bioaccumulation and toxicity as well as changes in the gene expression of enzymes responsible for ionoregulation and induction of defensive responses were investigated. Furthermore the hepatosomatic index and condition factor were measured as crude indication of overall health and energy reserves. The obtained results showed a rapid Cu and Cd increase in the gills at both temperatures. Cadmium accumulation was higher at 20°C compared to 10°C, whereas Cu and Zn accumulation was not, suggesting that at 20°C, fish had more efficient depuration processes for Cu and Zn. Electrolyte (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) levels were analyzed in different tissues (gills, liver, brain, muscle) and in the remaining carcasses. However, no major electrolyte losses were observed. The toxic effect of the trace metal ion mixture on major ion uptake mechanisms may have been compensated by ion uptake from the food. Finally, the metal exposure triggered the upregulation of the metallothionein gene in the gills as defensive response for the organism. These results, show the ability of common carp to cope with these metal levels, at least under the condition used in this experiment.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Materials to Promote Hardwood Tree Growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Thornton ◽  
Bert R. Bock ◽  
A. David Behel ◽  
Allan Houston ◽  
Don D. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Volume Response

Abstract Land application of wastes can increase the growth of crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various waste products on the growth of trees. Two sites, one in northeast Alabama growing sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and the other in west Tennessee growing cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), were studied. At the Alabama site, 3 yr of replicated field plots were evaluated to assess the influence of scrubber gypsum, wood ash, and containerboard sludge on the growth of sycamore on a Decatur soil. Compared to the control treatment, a mulch application of scrubber gypsum at a rate of 672 Mg/ha improved the volume response of sycamore after 3 yr. There was no volume response to liming, whether agricultural lime or wood ash was used, and sycamore did not respond to nitrogen (N) in the containerboard sludge treatment. Further investigations into the use of scrubber gypsum applied at high rates as a mulch in combination with weed control appear warranted from these studies. On a Memphis-Loring soil at the Tennessee site, organic N amendments, whether swine waste or sewage, were superior to ammonium nitrate in terms of volume response of cottonwood. Averaged across the three application rates, swine effluent increased volume growth of cottonwood by nearly 18% relative to comparable N additions from ammonium nitrate whereas municipal sewage sludge increased volume growth by almost 4% compared to ammonium nitrate treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):230-237.

Industrial organic compounds in selected Canadian soils

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Webber ◽  
C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Southern Ontario

Studies were conducted to determine the concentrations of a large number of industrial organic compounds in selected Canadian agricultural soils and to assess the potential for land application of municipal sludges to cause significant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), organochlorine pesticide (OC) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of agricultural land. Twenty-four Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Soil Quality Evaluation Program (SQEP) benchmark soils and six intensively cropped southern Ontario soils exhibited similar small concentrations of a few base-neutral and acid (BN&A) extractable industrial organic compounds (seldom >1 mg kg−1 dry wt), PCBs (<200 μg kg−1 dry wt) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Fonofos, the only OP detected, was observed at concentrations <100 μg kg−1 dry wt. Neutral and phenoxy acid herbicide analyses for 13 soils (seven SQEP and six intensively cropped) indicated infrequent detection of these compounds. There was no detection of carbamate herbicides. In most soils, only trace amounts (<10 μg kg−1 dry wt) of OCs were observed but in one intensively cropped soil, DDT exceeded 70 mg kg−1 dw. A greater incidence of compounds such as alpha chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin and DDT in intensively cropped than in other soils is assumed to reflect increased use of these compounds for intensive crop production. Soils treated with sludge according to recommended practice exhibited minor increases in PAH, OC and PCB concentrations. There is no risk to human health or the environment from industrial organic conpounds, except possibly DDT, in Canadian agricultural soils that have received no sludge or from PAHs, OCs and PCBs in soils that have received southern Ontario sludges according to recommended practice. Key words: Municipal sludge, industrial organic compounds, organic contaminants, agricultural sustainability, soil

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