scholarly journals Neuronal regeneration in the goldfish telencephalon following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) insult

FACETS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddie J. Venables ◽  
Lei Xing ◽  
Connor C. Edington ◽  
Vance L. Trudeau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Regenerative Ability ◽  
Mptp Toxicity ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Recovery Of Motor Function ◽  
Rapid Incorporation

The constitutive regenerative ability of the goldfish central nervous system makes them an excellent model organism to study neurogenesis. Intraperitoneal injection of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to deplete tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the adult goldfish telencephalon. We report novel information on the ability of the goldfish to regenerate (∼3–4 d post-MPTP insult) damaged neurons in telencephalic tissue by observing the rapid incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into newly generated cells, which precedes the recovery of motor function in MPTP-treated animals. Specifically, the telencephalon area telencephali pars dorsalis in female goldfish, which is associated with fish motor activity, regenerates following MPTP toxicity. The remarkable ability of goldfish to rapidly regenerate damaged neurons provides insight into their use as model organisms to study neuroregenerative abilities within a few days following injury. We provide evidence that goldfish are able to regenerate neurons in ∼3–4 d to both replenish and recover baseline catecholaminergic levels, thus enabling the fish to reestablish basic activities such as swimming. The study of neuron regeneration in the damaged goldfish brain will increase our understanding of vertebrate neurogenesis and regeneration processes following central nervous system injury.

scholarly journals Transgenic Epigenetics: Using Transgenic Organisms to Examine Epigenetic Phenomena

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A. McEachern
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Evolutionary Conservation ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Epigenetic Control ◽  
Transgenic Organisms ◽  
Epigenetic Analysis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Non-model organisms are generally more difficult and/or time consuming to work with than model organisms. In addition, epigenetic analysis of model organisms is facilitated by well-established protocols, and commercially-available reagents and kits that may not be available for, or previously tested on, non-model organisms. Given the evolutionary conservation and widespread nature of many epigenetic mechanisms, a powerful method to analyze epigenetic phenomena from non-model organisms would be to use transgenic model organisms containing an epigenetic region of interest from the non-model. Interestingly, while transgenic Drosophila and mice have provided significant insight into the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary conservation of the epigenetic processes that target epigenetic control regions in other model organisms, this method has so far been under-exploited for non-model organism epigenetic analysis. This paper details several experiments that have examined the epigenetic processes of genomic imprinting and paramutation, by transferring an epigenetic control region from one model organism to another. These cross-species experiments demonstrate that valuable insight into both the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary conservation of epigenetic processes may be obtained via transgenic experiments, which can then be used to guide further investigations and experiments in the species of interest.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana ◽  
Gaido ◽  
Murtas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.

The Problem of Neuronal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kerr Jakoby ◽  
Calvin C. Turbes ◽  
L. W. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuronal Thread Protein Gene Modulation With Cerebral Infarction

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. de la Monte ◽  
William Garner ◽  
Jack R. Wands
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Additional Role ◽  
Neuritic Sprouting

Neuronal thread proteins (NTP) are a family of phosphoproteins expressed during neuritic sprouting. The 15 to 18 kD NTP cluster is associated with development and neuronal differentiation, whereas the 21 kD and 39 to 42 kD species are overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease, correlating with neurodegenerative sprouting and synaptic disconnection. Empirical observations suggested that NTP might also be modulated with central nervous system injury and stroke. In this study of both human and experimental (rat) focal cerebral infarcts, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical staining revealed NTP gene expression up-regulated in perifocal neurons. These findings were confirmed by quantitative Northern and Western blot analyses. Moreover, Western blot analysis demonstrated selectively increased expression of the 15 to 18 kD NTP species during the acute, subacute, and healing phases of cerebral infarction in both humans and experimental animals, corresponding with the expected period of neuronal repair. These results suggest an additional role for the 15 to 18 kD NTP species in neuritic sprouting required for neuronal regeneration after injury in the mature central nervous system.

scholarly journals MiR-124 and Small Molecules Synergistically Regulate the Direct Generation of Neuronal Cells from Rat Cortical Reactive Astrocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Zheng ◽  
Zhehao Huang ◽  
Jinying Xu ◽  
Kun Hou ◽  
Yifei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Neuronal Markers ◽  
Hes1 Expression

Abstract Background：Irreversible neuron loss caused by central nervous system injuries usually lead to persistent neurological dysfunction. Reactive astrocytes, because of their high proliferative capacity, proximity to neuronal lineage, and significant involvement in glial scarring, are ideal starting cells for neuronal regeneration. Having previously identified several small molecules as important regulators of astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming, our aim in this study was to explore whether other small molecules and miR-124, a key neural differentiation mediator, could co-regulate reactive astrocyte-to-neuron conversion.Methods: MiR-124, ruxolitinib, SB203580, and forskolin were used to induce postnatal rat cortex reactive astrocytes, and the neuronal phenotype of the induced cells was characterised. To understand the genetic changes, RNA-sequencing analyses were performed on reactive astrocytes, induced neurons, and rat neurons, and the mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of miR-124 during the neuronal conversion was explored.Results：MiR-124, ruxolitinib, SB203580, and forskolin could co-convert rat cortical reactive astrocytes into neurons. The induced cells had reduced astroglial properties, displayed typical neuronal morphologies, and expressed neuronal markers, reflecting 25.9% of cholinergic neurons and 22.3% of glutamatergic neurons. Gene analysis revealed that induced neuron gene expression patterns were more similar to that of primary neurons than of initial reactive astrocytes. On the molecular level, miR-124-driven neuronal differentiation of reactive astrocytes was via targeting of the SOX9-NFIA-HES1 axis to inhibit HES1 expression.Conclusions：Providing a novel approach for inducing endogenous rat cortical reactive astrocytes into neurons by co-regulation involving miR-124 and three small molecules, our research has potential implications for inhibiting glial scar formation and promoting neuronal regeneration after central nervous system injury or disease.

scholarly journals Central nervous system of a 310-m.y.-old horseshoe crab: Expanding the taphonomic window for nervous system preservation

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D.C. Bicknell ◽  
Javier Ortega-Hernández ◽  
Gregory D. Edgecombe ◽  
Robert R. Gaines ◽  
John R. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
Ecological Diversification ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
Mazon Creek ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

The central nervous system (CNS) presents unique insight into the behaviors and ecology of extant and extinct animal groups. However, neurological tissues are delicate and prone to rapid decay, and thus their occurrence as fossils is mostly confined to Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits and Cenozoic amber inclusions. We describe an exceptionally preserved CNS in the horseshoe crab Euproops danae from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte in Illinois, USA. The E. danae CNS demonstrates that the general prosomal synganglion organization has remained essentially unchanged in horseshoe crabs for >300 m.y., despite substantial morphological and ecological diversification in that time. Furthermore, it reveals that the euarthropod CNS can be preserved by molding in siderite and suggests that further examples may be present in the Mazon Creek fauna. This discovery fills a significant temporal gap in the fossil record of euarthropod CNSs and expands the taphonomic scope for preservation of detailed paleoneuroanatomical data in the Paleozoic to siderite concretion Lagerstätten of marginal marine deposits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document