Cumulative effects of multiple effluent and low dissolved oxygen stressors on mayflies at cold temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1624-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B Lowell ◽  
Joseph M Culp
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Artificial Streams ◽  
Baetis Tricaudatus ◽  
Low Do

Effluents produced by pulp mills and sewage plants on northern rivers have the potential for a variety of interacting effects on downstream benthic invertebrates via increased levels of toxicants and nutrients and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the substratum. We experimentally measured the combined effects of these stressors at low temperature (4.5°C) on a common northern river invertebrate, the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus Dodds. Mayflies were exposed in laboratory artificial streams to one of two DO levels (low (5 mg·L-1) versus high (11 mg·L-1)) in the presence and absence of pulp mill and sewage effluent from an Alberta, Canada, mixed-effluent outfall (control river water versus 1% effluent); the DO and effluent treatments bracketed typical field concentrations. In the low-DO treatment, grazing intensity was reduced by 80%, and after 2 weeks of exposure, survival was reduced by 60-90%. Furthermore, 250-350% more mayflies in the low-DO treatment moved upward into regions of greater current velocity close to the surface of the artificial streams, a behavior that would likely make them more susceptible to fish predation in the field. In contrast, the 1% effluent treatment increased mayfly survival (possibly due, in part, to stimulation of increased mayfly grazing intensity by the effluent), although this effect only partly compensated for the pronounced negative impact of low DO levels.

Oxygen Requirements of Fishes in Northern Alberta Rivers with a General Review of the Adverse Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Barton ◽  
Barry R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
Northern Alberta ◽  
Low Do

Abstract Sublethal responses of fish to low dissolved oxygen (DO) include changes in cardiac function, increased respiratory and metabolic activity, alterations in blood chemistry, mobilization of anaerobic energy pathways, upset in acid-base balance, reduced growth and decreased swimming capacity. Lowered final temperature preferenda and avoiding low DO are behavioral responses, and under extreme conditions, fish may take advantage of oxygen-rich surface film water. Low DO can affect invertebrate communities by causing selective mortality or inducing drift, which may affect fish production. The presence of pollutants can exacerbate responses to low DO with the effect of raising the threshold DO at which such responses occur. Based on published literature, northern Alberta riverine fishes are grouped into four categories of acute lethal sensitivity. However, chronic DO requirements are far more important to long-term maintenance of healthy fish communities than acute tolerances. Defining chronic DO criteria for northern fishes is complicated by long periods of winter ice cover, possible presence of pulp mill effluent, and lack of information on many regional species. Although previously recommended criteria should provide a reasonable level of protection for fish, any reduction in DO below saturation will cause some production impairment within the aquatic community.

Commissioning brownstock washing controls for an evaporator limited mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
RICARDO SANTOS ◽  
PETER HART
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Separation Point ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Oxygen Delignification ◽  
Percentage Points

An automated shower water control system has been implemented to reduce the volume and variability of weak black liquor being sent from the pulp mill to the evaporators. The washing controls attempt to balance the need for consistent and low soda carryover to the bleach plant with consistently high weak black liquor solids being sent to the evaporators. The washer controls were implemented on two bleachable grade hardwood lines (one with oxygen delignification, one without oxygen delignification) and one pine line. Implementation of the control program resulted in an increase in black liquor solids of 0.6 percentage points for the hardwood lines. Significant foam reduction was realized on the pine line since the pine black liquor solids were able to be consistently maintained just below the soap separation point. Low black liquor solids excursions to the evaporators were eliminated. Bleach plant carryover was stabilized and no negative impact on chemical consumption was noticed when controlling weak black liquor solids to recovery.

The Onset of Lignin-Modifying Enzymes, Decrease of AOX and Color Removal by White-Rot Fungi Grown on Bleach Plant Effluents

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Lankinen ◽  
M. M. Inkeröinen ◽  
J. Pellinen ◽  
A. I. Hatakka
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
Active Form ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Color Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Lignin Peroxidases ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Decrease of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOX) is becoming the most important criterion for the efficiency of pulp mill effluent treatment in the 1990s. Two methods, designated MYCOR and MYCOPOR which utilize the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium have earlier been developed for the color removal of pulp mill effluents, but the processes have also a capacity to decrease the amount of chlorinated organic compounds. Lignin peroxidases (ligninases) produced by P. chrvsosporium may dechlorinate chlorinated phenols. In this work possibilities to use selected white-rot fungi in the treatment of E1-stage bleach plant effluent were studied. Phlebia radiata. Phanerochaete chrvsosporium and Merulius (Phlebia) tremellosus were compared in shake flasks for their ability to produce laccase, lignin peroxidase(s) and manganese-dependent peroxidase(s) and to remove color from a medium containing effluent. Softwood bleaching effluents were treated by carrier-immobilized P. radiata in 2 1 bioreactors and a 10 1 BiostatR -fermentor. Dechlorination was followed using Cl ion and AOX determinations. All fungi removed the color of the effluent. In P. radiata cultivations AOX decrease was ca. 4 mg l−1 in one day. Apparent lignin peroxidase activities as determined by veratryl alcohol oxidation method were negligible or zero in a medium with AOX content of ca. 60 mg l−1, prepared using about 20 % (v/v) of softwood effluent. However, the purification of extracellular enzymes implied that large amounts of lignin peroxidases were present in the medium and, after the purification, in active form. Enzyme proteins were separated using anion exchange chromatography, and they were further characterized by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to reveal the kind of enzymes that were present during AOX decrease and color removal. The most characteristic lignin peroxidase isoenzymes in effluent media were LiP2 and LiP3.

Biosludge Incineration in a Recovery Boiler

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Harila ◽  
V.-A. Kivilinna
Keyword(s):  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Recovery Boiler

An activated sludge process is an effective tool against effluent emissions in a pulp mill. It has only a few features which can be regarded deficiences. One of them is that effluent treatment of a modern pulp mill creates some 10-20 tonnes dry solids of biosludge per day. This sludge is difficult to burn due to its high moisture content. The most common way is to mix biosludge with primary sludge, to dewater the mixture in presses and finally to burn it in a solid fuel boiler. This type of sludge treatment incurs rather high costs and does not produce any net energy. Also combustion emissions vary depending on the boiler type. The Metsä-Botnia Kemi Pulp Mill was the first mill in the world to burn biosludge in a recovery boiler. The system start-up was in 1993 and it has been in operation ever since. Mechanically dewatered biosludge is mixed with weak black liquor and concentrated in a conventional evaporation plant equipped with a pressurized superconcentrator unit. In a modern recovery boiler, firing conditions are well controlled and monitored. Better emission control than in most bark fired boilers is achieved. Accumulation of nonprocess elements, corrosion, plugging, scaling and some other operational problems were expected. A lot of experience has been gathered during the years of operation and reviewed in this presentation. The achieved benefits of the system are discussed. Disposal of biosludge in a recovery boiler offers an economically and environmentally attractive alternative. Probably the best evidence from this is the fact that Metsä-Botnia has applied the same process solution in the recent reconstruction of the recovery departments at the Jouteno Mill.

Pulp Mill Effluent Treatment by Fenton-Type Reactions Catalyzed by Iron Complexes

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Rodríguez ◽  
David Contreras ◽  
Carolina Parra ◽  
Juanita Freer ◽  
Jaime Baeza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Pulp Bleaching ◽  
Efficient Option

Fenton reaction, which involves hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion, has been proposed as an efficient option for effluent treatment. In this work, the treatment of a pulp bleaching effluent using Fenton-type reactions assisted by either, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (CAT), were studied. The treatment was evaluated by the removal of adsorbable organochloride compounds (AOX) and toxicity. Furthermore, the degradation of 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solutions were carried out, separately. Increase in oxidative activities of Fenton-type reactions mediated by the dihydroxybenzenes (DHBs) were found. These activities enhancement were related with a higher production of activated species by Fe/DHBs/H2O2, as indicted by chemiluminesce. The large decrease in AOX values and toxicity of the treated bleaching effluent by DHBs at pH 4.0 and 7.0 showed that 2,3-DHBA enhanced the activity of the Fenton reaction. The use of 3,4-DHBA and CAT resulted in loss of efficiencies of Fenton reaction to effluent treatment but not to pure chlorophenol solutions. At pH 7.0 lower efficiencies than those at pH 4.0 were achieved.

scholarly journals Dissolved oxygen and ammonia levels in water that affect plasma ionic content and gallbladder bile in silver catfish

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1768-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexssandro Geferson Becker ◽  
Luciano de Oliveira Garcia ◽  
Daiani Kochhann ◽  
Jamile Fabbrin Gonçalves ◽  
Vania Lúcia Loro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Synergic Effect ◽  
Ionic Content ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Low Do

Ionic contents (Na+, K+ and Cl-) of plasma and gallbladder bile (GB) of juveniles silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen (156.1±0.2g, 28.2±0.3cm), were determined in three different times (0, 6 and 24h) after exposure to: a) control or high dissolved oxygen (DO = 6.5mg L-1) + low NH3 (0.03mg L-1); b) low DO (3.5mg L-1) + low NH3; c) high DO + high NH3 (0.1mg L-1); and d) low DO + high NH3. High waterborne NH3 or low DO levels increased plasma and GB ion levels. These parameters might have followed different mechanisms to affect osmoregulation since a synergic effect of these variables was detected.

scholarly journals Low-dissolved-oxygen nitrification in tropical sewage: an investigation on potential, performance and functional microbial community

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 2274-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. How ◽  
S. Y. Lim ◽  
P. B. Lim ◽  
A. M. Aris ◽  
G. C. Ngoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Low Do

Abstract Intensive aeration for nitrification is a major energy consumer in sewage treatment plants (STPs). Low-dissolved-oxygen (low-DO) nitrification has the potential to lower the aeration demand. However, the applicability of low-DO nitrification in the tropical climate is not well-understood. In this study, the potential of low-DO nitrification in tropical setting was first examined using batch kinetic experiments. Subsequently, the performance of low-DO nitrification was investigated in a laboratory-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) for 42 days using real tropical sewage. The batch kinetic experiments showed that the seed sludge has a relatively high oxygen affinity. Thus, the rate of nitrification was not significantly reduced at low DO concentrations (0.5 mg/L). During the operation of the low-DO nitrification SBR, 90% of NH4-N was removed. The active low-DO nitrification was mainly attributed to the limited biodegradable organics in the sewage. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed the nitrifiers were related to Nitrospira genus and Nitrosomonadaceae family. Phylogenetic analysis suggests 47% of the operational taxonomic units in Nitrospira genus are closely related to a comammox bacteria. This study has demonstrated active low-DO nitrification in tropical setting, which is a more sustainable process that could significantly reduce the energy footprint of STPs.

Removal of individual sterols during secondary treatment of pulp mill effluents

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Mahmood-Khan ◽  
Eric R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Sterol Profile ◽  
Pass Through

Analysis of plant sterols in pulp mill effluents is complex and several investigations have combined wood extractives with sterols or have reported total sterols collectively. The present study exclusively focuses on the fate of individual sterols generated in pulp and paper manufacturing as they pass through activated sludge biotreatment system. Before secondary treatment the pulp mill effluents contained 33% ß-sitosterol, 26% campesterol, 22% ß-sitostanol, 17% stigmasterol and 2% ergosterol (1,000–1,800 μg/L mean total sterols). After treatment, the effluents contained 44% ß-sitosterol, 22% campesterol, 18% ß-sitostanol, 14% stigmasterol and 2% ergosterol (176–428 μg/L mean total sterols). Each sterol fraction showed different removal efficiency. ß-Sitosterol, the major fraction, was removed relatively poorly (65%) while campesterol was removed most efficiently (81%) compared with the removal of other fractions (ß-sitostanol 74% and stigmasterol 64%). The differential removal of sterol fractions altered the sterol profile during different stages of the secondary treatment. Owing to its poor removal, ß-sitosterol is the most persistent fraction in treated/untreated pulp mill effluents. Typically, 21% of the incoming sterols were contained in secondary effluents and 23% in waste sludge without biodegradation. Optimizing the design/operation of treatment systems for removal of ß-sitosterol and stigmasterol would improve the performance of effluent treatment facilities.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the microbial carbon pump with special reference to microbial respiration and ecosystem efficiency in large estuarine systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3887-3898 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dang ◽  
N. Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Energy Transduction ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Transduction Efficiency ◽  
Estuarine Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Pump ◽  
Microbial Carbon ◽  
Microbial Carbon Pump

Abstract. Although respiration-based oxidation of reduced carbon releases CO2 into the environment, it provides an ecosystem with the metabolic energy for essential biogeochemical processes, including the newly proposed microbial carbon pump (MCP). The efficiency of MCP in heterotrophic microorganisms is related to the mechanisms of energy transduction employed and hence is related to the form of respiration utilized. Anaerobic organisms typically have lower efficiencies of energy transduction and hence lower efficiencies of energy-dependent carbon transformation. This leads to a lower MCP efficiency on a per-cell basis. Substantial input of terrigenous nutrients and organic matter into estuarine ecosystems typically results in elevated heterotrophic respiration that rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen, potentially producing hypoxic and anoxic zones in the water column. The lowered availability of dissolved oxygen and the excessive supply of nutrients such as nitrate from river discharge lead to enhanced anaerobic respiration processes such as denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Thus, some nutrients may be consumed through anaerobic heterotrophs, instead of being utilized by phytoplankton for autotrophic carbon fixation. In this manner, eutrophied estuarine ecosystems become largely fueled by anaerobic respiratory pathways and their efficiency is less due to lowered ecosystem productivity when compared to healthy and balanced estuarine ecosystems. This situation may have a negative impact on the ecological function and efficiency of the MCP which depends on the supply of both organic carbon and metabolic energy. This review presents our current understanding of the MCP mechanisms from the view point of ecosystem energy transduction efficiency, which has not been discussed in previous literature.

Kinetics of pulp mill effluent treatment by ozone-based processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 168 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Han Ko ◽  
Po-Hung Hsieh ◽  
Meng-Wen Chang ◽  
Jia-Ming Chern ◽  
Shih-Min Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Kinetics Of
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