Effects of growth and fatness on sexual development of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) parr

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2376-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T Silverstein ◽  
Karl D Shearer ◽  
Walton W Dickhoff ◽  
Erika M Plisetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Ration Size

The independent effects of size and fatness, 1 year prior to maturity, on male sexual development of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were tested. Beginning in March 1995, ration size and dietary lipid were independently manipulated to produce four groups of spring chinook salmon differing in size and fatness. Size, growth rate, adiposity, liver triacylglycerol and glycogen contents, and plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were monitored to follow the metabolic states of fish in the different treatment groups and to observe whether plasma levels of these growth mediators predict sexual development. Differences in size and fatness were well established by the first autumn (September 1995), 1 year prior to sexual maturity, and common ration size groups were pooled for further rearing. Subsequently in winter-spring (February-March), 6 months prior to sexual maturity, there were no within-tank differences in size or fatness. Nevertheless, the effects of size and fatness, from 1 year earlier, on incidence of sexual maturity were significant. Overall, size appeared to have the primary effect, but for smaller fish, an effect of fat content was indicated. Plasma insulin levels, and in limited cases, IGF-I levels, were correlated with growth rate and size, but were not accurate indicators of sexual development.

Influence of Size, Growth Rate, and Photoperiod on Cyclic Changes in Gill (Na + K)–ATPase Activity in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Ewing ◽  
H. J. Pribble ◽  
S. L. Johnson ◽  
C. A. Fustish ◽  
J. Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Small Peak ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Growth Change ◽  
Cyclic Changes

Juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (Rogue River stock) were reared in constant 8 °C well water under artificial lighting with photoperiods adjusted to Medford, Oregon. Juveniles were divided into six groups according to the amount of food provided. Growth (change in fork length per day) was linear from July through December for all six groups. Three distinct patterns of gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity were observed in these groups. In the two groups fed the largest rations, a peak in activity in October was observed with a smaller peak in July. Fish fed the smallest rations showed no increase in gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity throughout the year. At intermediate rations, there was a small peak in July but no peak in October. A growth rate of less than 0.027 cm/d appeared to suppress the October peak in gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity. Fish with higher growth rates showed peaks in activity in either October or NovemberKey words: chinook salmon, (Na + K)–ATPase, growth, photoperiod, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Roles of Olfaction and Vision in Choice of Spawning Site by Homing Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Groves ◽  
Gerald B. Collins ◽  
Parker S. Trefethen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Spawning Site

An experiment was conducted to examine the roles of olfaction and vision in directing the choice of spawning site by homing adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the lower Columbia River. Male fish that voluntarily entered the Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery were treated to occlude their olfactory or visual senses or both. Treated and untreated (control) fish were released upstream and downstream in the river, more than 19 km from the hatchery. Effects were assessed by analyzing returns to the hatchery and to other points.Of 866 fish released, 348 or 40% were recovered; about half of them, or 176 returned to Spring Creek. Three per cent of the olfactory occluded, 23% of the visually occluded, and 46% of the control fish returned to Spring Creek. Of the fish recovered elsewhere, 77% were recovered at hatcheries and spawn-taking sites along the lower Columbia; 23% were recovered from sources unrelated to spawn taking.Olfaction appeared to be the key sense that directed the return of these fish to Spring Creek; vision was held to be less important. Olfactory occlusion also reduced the recoveries at other spawn-taking sites, where blinded fish were recovered in appreciable numbers. Recovery of the control fish, especially the smaller ones, at other spawn-taking sites was associated with advancing sexual maturity.

Genetic, Environmental, and Interaction Effects on Growth and Stress Response of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Fry

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interactions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Wet Weight

Eight full- and half-sib families of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were held during egg development at two temperatures (8.0 and 10.2 °C). As fry, these families were measured for relative growth rate, initial and final wet weight, hematocrit values before and 2 h after a 30-s handling stress, and plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations before and after stress. Significant sire effects were found for all measured traits, and significant dam effects were found for all traits except for the poststress increases in cortisol concentrations. There were significant genotype-by-environment interactions for all traits except unstressed (control) plasma glucose concentrations. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on relative growth rate and final wet weight only. We found a significant correlation between poststress plasma glucose concentration and relative growth rate for all fish, independent of family, while resting plasma cortisol concentration and poststress hematocrit correlated with wet weight only when analyzed within the eight individual families. Genetic contributions to stress-related parameters and genotype-by-environment interactions should be considered as a factor in stress-related research with fish.

Comparison of the effect of salmon gonadotropin administered by pellet implantation or injection on sexual development of juvenile male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin N. MacKinnon ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Juvenile Male ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

In juvenile male pink salmon complete maturity was induced by September in the year of hatching by both pellet implantation (once per 3 weeks) and injection (thrice weekly) of 1.0μg of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin per gram body weight. Time of onset of mitotic division of spermatogonia and rate of spermatogenesis were accelerated in the precociously mature testes. Similar doses of salmon gonadotropin injected at longer time intervals (once per week and once per 2 weeks) resulted in slower maturation.

Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1636-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

Induction of precocious sexual development in female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Funk ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Acceleration of ovarian maturation was achieved in immature pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) with injections of chinook (spring) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin alone, and in combination with estradiol 17β. Oocytes containing yolk globules were evident in fish treated three times per week with 1.0 μg/g body weight salmon gonadotropin in combination with 1.5 μg/g body weight estradiol 17β for 126 days. After 168 days they were also seen in salmon treated with the same dosage of salmon gonadotropin alone. Estradiol 17β alone, at a dosage of 15 μg/g body weight, or in combination with salmon gonadotropin, inhibited vitellogenesis. Formation of oocytes 2 mm in diameter required [Formula: see text] months of treatment with 1.0 μg/g body weight salmon gonadotropin in combination with 1.5 μg/g body weight estradiol 17β, and 9 months of injections with 1.0 μg/g body weight gonadotropin alone. Few large yolky oocytes were developed by any of the treatments. Large numbers of preovulatory corpora atretica were observed in all treated fish.Only a small amount of histochemically demonstrable Δ5-3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was present in ovaries from pink or chinook salmon juveniles treated for 3 months with various dosages of salmon gonadotropin.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fishmeal substitution with corn gluten meal and poultry meal on growth rate and flesh characteristics of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Katarina H. Doughty ◽  
Shawn R. Garner ◽  
Mark A. Bernards ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Bryan D. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Salmon Aquaculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Total Body

Abstract There is considerable interest in developing diets that maintain growth performance and market appeal for salmon aquaculture while relying less on fishmeal as a major ingredient. Here, we compared growth rate, survival, fat content, tissue colouration and carotenoid levels (astaxanthin) in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed two diets. The first diet was a typical commercial salmon diet with 59% fishmeal content, while the second diet reduced the fishmeal content to 15% (75% reduction) and substituted 28% corn gluten meal and 16% poultry meal. Over an approximately 14-month growth period, we found no significant difference between fish fed the high fishmeal or low fishmeal diet in either growth rate or survival. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet did have 25% higher total body fat percentage than those fed the high fishmeal diet. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet also had flesh that was significantly less red than fish fed the high fishmeal diet. Carotenoid analysis confirmed that the change in tissue colour was the result of reduced astaxanthin levels in salmon fed the low fishmeal diet. Due to the importance of red tissue colour for the market appeal of salmon, the corn gluten and poultry meal diet is not viable for salmon aquaculture in its present formulation, but our results suggest further modifications to the diet that could mitigate this effect.

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