scholarly journals Accuracy and precision in sampling hyporheic fauna

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B G Fraser ◽  
D D Williams
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Filtering Effect ◽  
Practical Constraints

A series of interstitial faunal samples was taken from a riffle in the Speed River, southern Ontario, Canada, to compare the field performance of four hyporheic samplers: the standpipe, colonization, and freeze corers and a pump sampler. Each of the samplers proved useful for collecting purely qualitative data, but statistical differences in some of the measured quantitative parameters were identified. The colonization corer significantly underestimated invertebrate density at each of the depths tested (20, 40, and 60 cm below the surface of the river bed). Taxonomic richness did not differ among the samplers. A sampling bias in the pump sampling method was identified in terms of both the proportion of insect larvae captured and the mean chironomid body size and is probably the result of a filtering effect of the interstices. Sampling precision estimates of density, richness, and organismal size ranged from 20 to 40%, but no pattern among the four samplers for any of the measures was observed. We conclude that, whereas the standpipe and freeze coring methods most effectively characterize the hyporheos, one of the other methods might prove acceptable under specific field circumstances or under certain practical constraints.

Sampling Method To Determine a Household Waste Composition Variance

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Leroy ◽  
J.-M. Giovannoni ◽  
L.-Y. Maystre
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Sorting Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Waste Composition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Practical Constraints

Knowledge of waste composition is of crucial importance for waste management forecasting. Composition is usually specified by average content of glass, paper, organic matter etc. In this paper a sorting method and its application to variance determination is described. A variation coefficient and a confidence interval are then calculated. From these two parameters an appreciation of the dispersion and the uncertainty associated with the mean values can be derived. In the case studied, the variation coefficients calculated were between 0.10 and 0.50 depending on the class of waste. Analysis of confidence intervals shows that reliability is good for low-abundance components such as, for example, aluminium, iron and plastics. The influence of practical constraints on the theoretical guidelines is also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of sampling method on the accuracy and precision of estimating the mean pig weight of the population

2012 ◽  
pp. 384-391
Author(s):  
C B Paulk ◽  
G L Highland ◽  
K D Haydon ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Jim L Nelssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Mean

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING PROCEDURE TEXTS THROUGH WORD WEBBING TECHNIQUE

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diah Fauzi Ningtyas ◽  
Lidiman Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Text Word ◽  
Procedure Text ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Planning Action

This study concerns on improving students’ achievement in writing procedure texts through word webbing technique. The research was conducted by using Classroom Action Research (CAR). The population was the 2012-2013 nine grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Batang Kuis. The number of students was 36, consisting of 21 females and 15 males. The procedure of the research was administrated into two cycles where each cycle consisted of three meetings. Each meeting included four steps namely: planning, action, observation, and reflection. There were two kinds of data collected during the study, qualitative and quantitative data. The instrument for collecting the quantitative data was the writing of procedure texts test while the qualitative data were gathered by using interview, diary notes and observation sheet. Based on the data analysis, the mean of students’ score in Test I was 53,47, for the Test II was 63,05, and for the Test III was 75 The qualitative data showed that the students were interested in the applying of Word webbing Technique. The conclusion is that Word Webbing Technique in writing Procedure Texts improves the students’ achievement in writing procedure texts. Keywords: Students’ achievement, writing, procedure text, word webbing

Improving the Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension by Using Inquiry Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gigin Sappena Ginting ◽  
Siti Aisah Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Comprehension Score ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Comprehension Tests ◽  
Orientation Test

This study attemps to imorove the students’ achivement in reading comprehension through inquiry technique. The study was conducted by using classroom action research. The subjects of the research were the 45 students of Grade XI SMA Negeri 1 Bahorok. It was conducted in two Cycles and consisted of six meetings.The instruments for colecting data used Reading Comprehension tests for quantitative data and Diary Notes, Interview Sheet, and Observation Sheet for qualitative data. Based on the Reading Comprehension score, students score in pre test, kept improving in every test. Based on Diary Notes, Observation sheet and Interview Sheet, it was found that the students were actualy involved in reading process. The results of the reasearch showed that Inquiry Technique can improve the students’ achivement in Reading Comprehension. In orientation test the mean of the students’ score was 53, the mean of the students’ score in Cycle I was 62.07, and the mean of the students’ score in Cycle II was 71.6. Based on the Observation Sheet, Diary Notes, and Interview Sheet, it was found that the teaching-learning process run well. The conclusion is that Inquiry Technique improved the students’ reading Coprehension and it is suggested to the English teacher to apply Inquiry Technique in Reading Comprehension. Keywords : Improving, students’ achievement, Inquiry Technique

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT THROUGH THINK PAIR SHARE

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hotria Manik ◽  
Elia Masa Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Writing Achievement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Writing Tests

This study attempts to improve students’ writing achievement in recount text through Think-Pair-Share Strategy. This study was conducted by using classroom action research. The subject of the research was class VIII-1 SMPN 1 Pematangsiantar. The number of the students was 32 students, consisted of 5 males and twenty seven females. The research was conducted in two cycles and consisted of six meetings. The instruments for collecting data were writing tests as the quantitative data and diary notes, observation sheet, interview sheet and questionnaire sheet as qualitative data. Based on the writing score, students’ scores kept improving in every test. In analyzing the data, the mean of the students’ score for the first test as a pre-test was 57.84, for the second test as a post test I was 73.56, for the third test as a post test II was 77.56. Based on diary notes, observation sheet and questionnaire sheet, it was found that students were actively involved in writing process. The result of the research showed that Think-Pair-Share Strategy can improve students’ achievement in writing recount text.   Keywords: Think Pair Share, Writing, Recount text, Action research

IMPROVING THE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXT THROUGH TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
DesiYusnanda Sari And Sri MindaMurni
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Team Games ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Data Reading

This study attempted to improve the students’ reading comprehension achievement in descriptive text through Team Games Tournament (TGT) method. This study was conducted by using classroom action research. The subject of the research was class IX SMP PAB 10 Medan Estate which consisted of 25 students. The research was conducted in two cycles and the first cycle consisted of four meetings the second cycle consisted of two meetings. The instruments for collecting the data were quantitative data (reading evaluation) and qualitative data (diary note, observation sheet and interview sheet). Based on reading scores, students’ score kept improving in every evaluation. In the test I the mean was 65,33, in the test II the mean was 71,72 and the test III the mean was 84,54.Based on diary note, observation sheet and interview sheet, it was found that teaching-learning process ran well. Students were active, enthusiastic, and interested in reading. The result of the research showed that Team Games Tournament (TGT) method significantly improved students’ achievement in reading comprehension especially in reading descriptive text.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH THE PROCESS GENRE APPROACH

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Wuri Handayani And Masitowarni Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Score Test ◽  
Writing Achievement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Orientation Test ◽  
Interview Questionnaire

This study attempts to Improving Students’ Achievement Through the Process GenreApproach. The objective of the study is to discover whether the use of the ProcessGenre approach could significantly improve students’ writing achievement. This studyconduct by applying Classroom Action Research which was carried out in two cycles inten meetings. The subject of this study of SMA Panca Budi Medan which consisted of39 students of class X – 2 reguler.. Orientation test was done in the first meeting, test IIwas done in the fourth meeting, and test III was done in the last meeting. The mean ofstudents’ score test III (76,242) was higher than the test II (66,878) and test I (57,606).Besides, the qualitative data was taken from observation sheet, interview, questionnaire,and diary notes. It was found that teaching learning process ran well. By applying theProcess Genre Approach in the classroom, the students understood the content ofdescriptive text easily. They also were active and enthusiastic during the teachinglearning process. The result of the research showed that the application of the ProcessGenre approach significantly improved students’ achievement in writing descriptive text

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING THROUGH TWO STAY TWO STRAY STRATEGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dita Masyitah Sianipar And Sumarsih
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Speaking Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Way

This study deals with the way to improve students’ achievement in speaking particularly through Two Stay Two Stray Strategy. This study was conducted by using classroom action research. The subject of of the research was class X-AP SMK Swasta Harapan Danau Sijabut in Asahan Regency that consisted of 34 students. The research was conducted in two cycles consisted of three meetings in each cycle. The instruments of collecting data for quantitative data used Speaking Test and instrument for analysis of qualitative data used observation, interview and questionnaire sheet. Based on the speaking test score, students’ score kept improving in every test. In the test I the mean was 61,47, in the test II the mean was 67,41 and the test III the mean was 78,52. Based on observation sheet and questionnaire sheet, it was found that teaching learning process run well and lively. Students were active and interest in speaking. The using of Two Stay Two Stray Strategy is significantly improved students’ achievement in speaking.

IMPROVING GRADE V STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH FLASH CARDS

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabatini Sitorus And Masitowarni Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Flash Cards ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Action Research ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

This study attempts to increase students’ vocabulary achievement by using flash cards. The objective of the study is to investigate whether the using of flash card can improve students’ vocabulary achievement. This study conduct by applying Classroom Action Research which was carried out in two cycles in six meetings. The subject of this study of SD Negeri 174559 Siraituruk, Porsea which consisted of 34 students. For collecting data, the instruments used were quantitative (vocabulary test) and qualitative data (interview sheet, observation sheet, and diary notes. Based on the data, it was found that the mean of the second cycle (80, 44) is higher than the mean of first cycle (64, 85) and pre-test (44, 41).  Based on interview sheet, observation sheet and diary notes, it was found thee students were more active and more enthusiastic during the teaching learning process in the second cycle than the first one. It was concluded that teaching vocabulary by using  flash cards can improve the students’ vocabulary achievement.

IMPROVING STUDENT’S VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH “MAKE A MATCH METHOD”

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Iriyani And Sortha Silitonga
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Match Method ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Teacher Use ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

The objective of the study is to find out if the students’ vocabulary achievement improved through Make a Match Method. The research of this study was conducted by using action research. The subjects of this study were the second year students of MTs Swasta Al-Badar Tanjungbalai class VIII consisted of 31 students. The research was conducted in two cycles and every cycle consisted of three meetings. Quantitative and qualitative instruments were used to gather the data. Quantitative data was taken from the students’ score in vocabulary mastery, while qualitative data was taken from diary notes, observation sheets and questionnaire sheets. Based on the data, the students’ scores got improvement in every cycle. In test I, the mean of the students’ score was 59 while test II, the mean of the students’ score was 70.5 and in test III the mean of the students’ score was 77.3. It was found that the teaching vocabulary through Make a Match Method improve the students’ vocabulary Achievement. It is suggested that English teacher use Make a Match Method as one of alternatives method in teaching vocabulary.

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