Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the freshwater clam Anodonta grandis simpsoniana

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Prepas ◽  
B G Kotak ◽  
L M Campbell ◽  
J C Evans ◽  
S E Hrudey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Freshwater Clams ◽  
Anodonta Grandis

Freshwater clams (Anodonta grandis simpsoniana) exposed to 51-55 µg · L-1 of dissolved microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the laboratory for 3 days did not accumulate MC-LR equivalents (MC-LReq). However, clams placed in three eutrophic lakes with phytoplankton containing MC-LR (concentrations from below detection to 8.3 µg · L-1 cellular toxin) for 12-28 days accumulated the toxin (24 ± 7 to 527 ± 330 ng · g-1 MC-LReq; mean ± SE). The relative MC-LReq concentrations in clams reflected MC-LR concentrations in lake phytoplankton, but individual variation was high. In individual clams exposed for 24 days, the average MC-LReq concentration was usually greater in the visceral mass than in gills and muscle, but average toxin concentrations in the three tissues were similar (587, 310, and 364 ng · g dry weight-1). In clams removed from the lake and placed in toxin-free water, MC-LReq concentrations in tissues declined rapidly for 6 days (by 69-88%) but remained relatively stable for the remaining 15 days. Analysis of clam tissues appears to be a more sensitive MC-LR indicator than analysis of phytoplankton. Accumulation of potent cyanobacterial toxins by this clam warrants further study as many are consumed by muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), which in turn are consumed by terrestrial predators.

Current Velocity in Streams and the Composition of Benthic Algal Mats

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1156-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Reiter ◽  
Robert E. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Current Velocity ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Algal Mats ◽  
Laboratory Flume ◽  
Algal Mat

Water velocity is commonly accepted as a factor in the development of benthic algal mats in streams. Within a stream, two different zones of velocity are observed: the free-water velocity of the open water and the local velocity near the stream substrate. A closed laboratory flume system was used to observe the taxonomic composition of benthic algal mats and corresponding changes in the local velocities under different free-water velocities. As the algal mat developed under each experimental velocity, local velocities diminished and eventually became equal in all sections, while free-water velocities remained different. After a period of maximum taxonomic diversity during the first 2 wk of mat development, taxonomic composition, relative abundance of the taxa, and dry weight biomass became increasingly similar in the three velocity regimes, although the mats appeared different upon casual observation. Differences in composition and morphology in natural algal mats may not result from differences in current velocity, and the idea of a "closed monolayer" algal mat may not be appropriate in all situations.

Population ecology of the freshwater mussel Anodonta grandis grandis in a Precambrian Shield lake

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1931-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Huebner ◽  
D. F. Malley ◽  
K. Donkersloot
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Experimental Lakes Area ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Sublittoral Zone ◽  
Anodonta Grandis

Anodonta grandis grandis is found in about half of 50 Experimental Lakes Area lakes surveyed but is abundant in only some of these lakes, including lake 377. Lake 377 is a typical small Precambrian Shield lake, 27.7 ha in area and 17.9 m in maximum depth, with [Ca2+] of [Formula: see text], conductivity of 25 μmho∙cm−1 (1 mho = 1 S), and alkalinity of [Formula: see text]. The water renewal time of approximately 187 days is shorter than that of most Precambrian Shield lakes. Bottom sediments in the sublittoral zone ranged from fine sand through granules to cobbles and boulders. Several species of possible glochidial host fish including yellow perch were collected from lake 377. The size of the mussel population, estimated by depth-stratified random sampling, was 36 800 ± 12 000 (± 95% confidence interval). Mean density was 0.133 mussels/m2 lake surface, and maximum density was 4.3 mussels/m2. Mussels were most abundant in the 1.5- to 3.1-m depth stratum. Mean lengths and weights in collections ranged from 77 to 87 mm and from 43 to 56 g, respectively. Maximum length and weight were 117.9 mm and 109.6 g, respectively. Based on external annuli, mussels live to 15+ years in lake 377. Flesh and shell averaged 25.1 and 23.2% of live weight, respectively. Calcium constituted 44.7% of the ash weight of shell. We estimated a standing dry weight biomass of mussels of 330–390 mg∙m−2 and dry weight production of 60 mg∙m−2∙year−1. This is [Formula: see text] of the estimated annual dry weight algal production. The shells of live mussels contain [Formula: see text] of the total calcium in lake 377. Despite oligotrophic conditions and low [Ca2+], lake 377 supports a substantial population of A. g. grandis growing at a moderate rate. Lake 377 may be a favourable habitat for this species because of its short water-turnover time.

Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatoto×ins by the freshwater clam Anodonta grandis simpsoniana

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Prepas ◽  
B.G. Kotak ◽  
L.M. Campbell ◽  
J.C. Evans ◽  
S.E. Hrudey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Anodonta Grandis

scholarly journals Quinolone and Organophosphorus Insecticide Residues in Bivalves and Their Associated Risks in Taiwan

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3636
Author(s):  
Ching-Feng Wu ◽  
Ching-Hung Chen ◽  
Ching-Yang Wu ◽  
Chen-Si Lin ◽  
Yao-Chi Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Hard Clam ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
Freshwater Clams ◽  
Meretrix Lusoria ◽  
Hard Clams ◽  
Bivalve Tissues

Bivalves, such as freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and hard clams (Meretrix lusoria), are the most extensive and widely grown shellfish in land-based ponds in Taiwan. However, few studies have examined the contamination of bivalves by quinolone and organophosphorus insecticides. Thus, we adapted an established procedure to analyze 8 quinolones and 12 organophosphorus insecticides using liquid and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Surveys in Taiwan have not noted high residual levels of these chemicals in bivalve tissues. A total of 58 samples of freshwater or hard clams were obtained from Taiwanese aquafarms. We identified 0.03 mg/kg of enrofloxacin in one freshwater clam, 0.024 mg/kg of flumequine in one freshwater clam, 0.02 mg/kg of flumequine in one hard clam, 0.05 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos in one freshwater clam, 0.03 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos in one hard clam, and 0.02 mg/kg of trichlorfon in one hard clam. The results indicated that 5.17% of the samples had quinolone insecticide residues and 5.17% had organophosphorus residues. However, the estimated daily intake (EDI)/acceptable daily intake quotient (ADI) indicated no significant risk and no immediate health risk from the consumption of bivalves. These results provide a reference for the food-safety screening of veterinary drugs and pesticides in aquatic animals. Aquatic products should be frequently screened for residues of prohibited chemicals to safeguard human health.

scholarly journals The distribution and length size of corbicula fluminea (ETAK) in Sungai Pergau at Gunung Reng

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aweng Eh Rak ◽  
Nur Fasihah Binti Ab Khalid ◽  
Sharifah Aisyah Syed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Corbicula Fluminea ◽  
The State ◽  
Length Measurement ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Freshwater Clams

Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae), locally known as “etak” which is the favorite freshwater clams in the Kelantan state. This study was conducted to study on Etak distribution in Sungai Pergau at Gunung Reng which is known as a recreational spot. As it is the favorite freshwater clam in the state, the data could be helpful in monitoring its presence and if in decline, remedial and replenishment could be introduced. The numbers, weight and the length measurement of C. fluminea were identified as C. fluminea parameters. In addition, water quality used (conductivity, pH, turbidity, salinity, temperature, DO and nitrate) and types of substrate were also studied to identify the habitat characteristics that affect the distribution of this species. As there was no documentation of distribution and density of C. fluminea in Sg. Kelantan, it would be difficult to compare the density and distribution of “etak” in the others river in Kelantan. In total 166 individuals of C. fluminea (77g) found at middle streams with 11-12.5mm in length. As the finding shows that, the distribution of C. fluminea at Gunung Reng was not affected by water quality. In this study shows that the most substrate ranged from 0.25mm and 0.71mm which represent sand (sand-coarse and sand-fine). It is believed that the smaller substrates help to trap more suspended materials as food for C. fluminea and the harvesting activities reduce the time for the clams to grow mature with a larger size in length.  

Odorous Substances and Cyanobacterial Toxins in Prairie Drinking Water Sources

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Kenefick ◽  
S. E. Hrudey ◽  
E. E. Prepas ◽  
N. Motkosky ◽  
H. G. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Eutrophic Water ◽  
Odorous Substances ◽  
Water Uses

Algal blooms in eutrophic lakes have been regarded by some as primarily an aesthetic nuisance for recreational and drinking water uses despite well documented incidents of livestock and wildlife poisoning attributed to cyanobacterial toxins. A survey was conducted of three eutrophic, water supply lakes and eight rural dugouts experiencing cyanobacterial blooms. Biomass was characterized for dominant cyanobacterial genera and analyses were conducted for the hepatotoxins, microcystin LR and RR and the neurotoxin, anatoxin-a. Some water samples collected simultaneously were screened for geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol and β-cyclocitral. Results showed that microcystin LR (LD50 of 50 µg/kg in mice) was present in concentrations up to 500 µg/g of algal biomass and microcystin LR levels were generally related to the proportion of Microcystis in the collected algal biomass. There was no relationship between the presence of microcystin LR and the presence of any of the odour compounds. Consequently, cyanobacterial odour-causing compounds in water did not provide reliable warning of the presence of the microcystin LR in these cyanobacterial blooms.

Photorespiration and internal recycling of CO2 in the submersed angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Søndergaard ◽  
Robert G. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics ◽  
Gas Space ◽  
A Minor

The presence and magnitude of photorespiration in the submersed freshwater angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis Torr. was investigated by gas-exchange characteristics in an open water-flow system. The minimal rates of photorespiration during active photosynthesis were measured by following the time course of differential 14CO2 and 12CO2 uptake. At 8 mg O2 L−1 (equal to oxygen saturation at 20 °C), the rate was 0.4 μg C (mg organic dry weight)−1 h−1, which was about 10% of net photosynthesis under the experimental conditions. Increasing the oxygen concentration to 30 mg O2 L−1, enhanced photorespiration to 30% of net photosynthesis. It was shown that the concentration of oxygen affected net photosynthesis, CO2 evolution into CO2-free water in the light, the post-illumination CO2 burst, and the CO2 compensation point.The effect of the internal gas space on recycling of CO2 was investigated by comparing gas-exchange by intact and sectioned leaves. About 30% of the CO2 of photorespiratory origin was recycled internally within the lacunal system. The gas-exchange characteristics of Scirpus were similar to those observed in terrestrial C3 species although of a minor magnitude and a different time course. The ecological implications of these finds are discussed.

scholarly journals Expression of cyp1a protein in the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller)

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Jelena Vrankovic ◽  
Svetlana Labus-Blagojevic ◽  
M. Paunovic
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Corbicula Fluminea ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Clam Corbicula ◽  
Cyp1a Induction

We investigated the expression of CYP1A in the foot, gill and visceral mass of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea in relation to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure. Different PCBs congeners were found in the foot and visceral mass, while the expression of CYP1A was observed only in the visceral mass. However the level of CYP1A expression in the visceral mass was not related to the level of PCBs present in the tissue. Our results indicate a higher rate of biotransformation and lower threshold of CYP1A induction in the visceral mass compared with other tissues.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variability of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins in three interconnected freshwater reservoirs

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Bláha ◽  
Lucie Bláhová ◽  
Jiří Kohoutek ◽  
Ondřej Adamovský ◽  
Pavel Babica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Toxic Cyanobacteria ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Natural Dynamics

In spite of substantial research on health and the ecological risks associated with cyanobacterial toxins in the past decades, the understanding of the natural dynamics and variability of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is still limited. Herein, the results of long term monitoring 1998-1999 / 2001-2008 of three reservoirs (V?r, Brno and Nov? Ml?ny), where toxic blooms develop annually, are reported. These three reservoirs provide a unique model because they are interconnected by the Svratka River, which allows possible transfer of phytoplankton as well as toxins from one reservoir to another. The frequency of the occurrence and dominance of the major cyanobacterial taxa Microcystis aeruginosa did not change during the investigated period but substantial variability was observed in the composition of other phytoplankton. Although absolute concentrations of the studied toxins (microcystins) differed among the reservoirs, there were apparent parallel trends. For example, during certain years, the microcystin concentrations were systematically elevated in all three studied reservoirs. Furthermore, the concentration profiles in the three sites were also correlated (parallel trends) within individual seasons based on monthly sampling. Microcystin-LR, a variant for which the World Health Organization has recommended a guideline value, formed only about 30-50% of the total microcystins. This is of importance, especially in the V?r reservoir that serves as a drinking water supply. Maxima in the cell-bound microcystins (intracellular; expressed per dry weight biomass) generally preceded the maxima of total microcystins (expressed per volume of water sample). Overall, the maximum concentration in the biomass (all three reservoirs, period 1993-2005) was 6.1 mg g-1 dry weight and the median values were in the range 0.065-2.3 mg g-1 dry weight. These are generally high concentrations in comparison with both Czech Republic and worldwide reported data. The present data revealed substantial variability of both toxic cyanobacteria and their peptide toxins that should be reflected by detailed monitoring programs.

Increase in Metallothionein in Freshwater Mussels Anodonta grandis grandis Exposed to Cadmium in the Laboratory and the Field

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Malley ◽  
J.F. Klaverkamp ◽  
P.S.S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Body Parts ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Unionid Mussels ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Anodonta Grandis ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Cd Exposure

Abstract Freshwater unionid mussels, Anodonta grandis grandis, were exposed in the laboratory to nominal [Cd] of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ug/L to determine: 1) whether this species produces metallothionein (MT) in response to Cd exposure, 2) which body parts are involved in the production, and 3) the dose-response relationship between (MT] in body parts and the treatment [Cd] in the laboratory compared with that in a field population exposed to Cd. Background [MT], as µg MT/g wet weight, measured in mussels freshly collected from a pristine lake were: kidney, 38.9 > visceral mass, 15.0; foot, 13.7; gill, 12.5 > mantle, 3.4. After these mussels were exposed to Cd in the laboratory for 22 days, blood [Cd] in the 5–50 µg/L Cd exposures averaged 5.1, 7.1, 9.3 and 15.8 times, respectively, the blood [Cd] in the 0 µg/L treatment. After the 22-day exposure, only [MT] in gill showed a statistically significant relationship with treatment [Cd] indicating that MT was induced in response to Cd exposure. The [MT] in gill after 22 days exposure to 50 µg/L Cd was 24.2 µg/g, 72% higher than in mussels exposed for this period to 0 µg/L Cd. In comparison, [MT] in the gill of mussels collected from a whole lake receiving experimental additions of Cd over three ice-free seasons (epilimnetic means of 0.08, 0.05 and 0.1 µg/L Cd, respectively), was 36.5 ug/g after two seasons exposure and 35.0 µg/g after three seasons, indicating a many-fold greater response to water-borne Cd in the field compared with the laboratory. The other body parts in the mussels collected after three seasons in the Cd-treated lake also contained significantly greater [MT] (kidney, 118.3 µg MT/g; visceral mass, 36.3; foot, 26.0 and mantle, 9.5) than did those from the pristine lake. The field samples thus indicate that all these body parts produce MT in response to exposure to Cd.

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