Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental integration of morphology in a stream population of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1307-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey V. Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Functional Phenotype ◽  
Pleiotropic Mutation

Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental variances and covariances for 33 morphometric traits were estimated for a population of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from the Brush Creek drainage, California, by sib analysis of laboratory-bred families. Heritabilities of the morphometric traits ranged from −0.28 to 0.78, and were moderately low (mean h2 = 0.26); the mean and range of heritabilities for five phenotypic eigenvectors were similar. The average coefficient of genetic determination of the traits and eigenvectors was high (0.57 and 0.63, respectively), indicating a substantial genotypic contribution to variation in body morphology. The defensive complex, a functional set of bony armor structures, was genetically and environmentally integrated: genetic factors (e.g., pleiotropy) are reinforced by environmental factors to produce a functional phenotype. Other components of morphology, including body form, were environmentally, but not genetically, integrated. Given the importance of genetic factors to evolutionary change under natural selection, these results implicate natural selection in the evolution of the defensive complex; the role of natural selection in the evolution of other components of morphology is equivocal. Genetic integration of functionally (phenotypically) independent traits suggests that stochastic processes or pleiotropic mutation also have played a role in the evolution of morphology in this population of sticklebacks.

scholarly journals The features of the follicular thyroid cancer genetic determination

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-102
Author(s):  
С.А. Штандель ◽  
В.В. Хазиев ◽  
М.Е. Сазонов
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Cancer Genetic ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Selection Indexes

Комплексный анализ наследственной предрасположенности к фолликулярному раку щитовидной железы (ФРЩЖ) с использованием генеалогического, молекулярно-генетического методов и показателей отбора показал, что ФРЩЖ является генетически самостоятельной формой рака щитовидной железы, описывается параметрами полигенной пороговой модели, в его наследовании существенная роль принадлежит наследственным факторам (88,8%), имеются нелинейные межлокусные взаимодействия, отбор в пользу этой формы заболевания (Δs =0,041) и ассоциация мутаций Р12А и H449H во экзонах 2 и 6 гена PPARγ с фолликулярной структурой неоплазий. The complex analysis of the follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) hereditary predisposition with using of genealogical, molecular methods and selection indexes is shown the FTC genetic independence; the distribution in the population and families may well be described by means of a variants polygene model with the importance role of genetic factors in determination of disease (88,8 %) and have allowed to assume the presence of interloci interactions in system of its genetic control; positive selection (Δs =0,041) of FTC and association of mutations Р12А and H449H in 2 and 6 exons of gene PPARγ with follicular structure of neoplasias.

scholarly journals On The Influence of Genetic Factors on the Formation of Homosexuality by Data of Twin Studies

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Dizygotic Twins

Results of twin studies are presented; these demonstrate that in a number of cases genetic effects can play a role of mild predisposing factors for the development of homosexuality, but the main part in its formation is accounted for by psychological and social factors. The opinion that genetic factors play the only and dominant role in the genesis of homosexuality does not hold water due to the fact that if it were so then their concordance for homosexuality in monozygotic twins would be 100 %, but it is not observed in reality. The studies conducted with the correct selection of examinees revealed 20 % of the concordance for homosexuality in male monozygotic twins and 24 % in female ones (Bailey, J.M., et al. Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78(3), 524‑536). The use of Holzinger’s formula for analyzing the obtained numerical findings demonstrated that in the above case the proportion between heritable and environmental factors for male persons was 0.2 (20 %) versus 0.8 (80 %), for female persons it being 0.15 (15 %) versus 0.85 (85 %). Earlier twin studies (Bailey, J.M., Pillard, R.C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48(12), 1089–1096) revealed that their concordance for homosexuality in siblings (biological brothers, who are not twins) was lower than in adopted brothers (9.2 % versus 11 %), it contradicting to the idea of genetic determination of same-sex attraction. Moreover, attention is also attracted by the fact that dizygotic male twins demonstrated a significantly higher concordance for homosexuality than siblings (22 % versus 9.2 %). But it is known that dizygotic twins, like siblings, have on an average only 50 % of common genes. If there were genetic determination, such differences would not exist; the revealed difference demonstrates environmental effects, since it is evident that family upbringing of dizygotic twins is much more similar. Also it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the rate of homosexuality in adopted homosexual brothers (11 %) considerably exceeded recent estimations of the part of homosexuals in the general population and was actually equal to the value for siblings, once again convincingly demonstrating a significant role of the environment in the formation of sexual orientation. We should not also ignore the fact that upbringing of monozygotic twins is even more similar than that of dizygotic ones; this phenomenon can cause their larger concordance for homosexuality.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF EMBRYONIC GENETIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANIFESTATIONS OF ROSACEA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas Atalla Salem Sarayreh
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
The Face ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the study – rosacea. The purpose of the work is to determine the embryonic genetic factors that can contribute to the emergence and development of rosacea. The data showing the importance of the genetic determination of the development of the disease in some women with rosacea are presented. Correlation analysis suggests that rosacea-like manifestations on the skin can occur with chromosomal abnormalities during embryogenesis. Embryonic genetic factors affect the distinctive characteristics of the “anatomical patterns” of rosacea (structural and functional features of the skin of the face, blood vessels, and the sebaceous hair complex of this area), the further course of the neurogenic component of the skin inflammation process.Keywords : rosacea, embryonic genetic factors, anatomical patterns.

Epigenetic factors and molecular markers of the risk of early pregnancy losses

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Nataly I Frolova ◽  
Tatiana E Belokrinitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Pregnancy Complication ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Periconceptional Period ◽  
Combined Impact

Background. Miscarriage is a common complication in early pregnancy. Current studies have shown a higher prevalence of miscarriage, ranging from 10 to 20%. The review is devoted to modern concepts of etiology and pathogenesis of early pregnancy losses. Aim. Assess the role of epigenetic factors and molecular-genetic markers in the pathogenesis and prediction of early pregnancy losses Materials and methods. In order to write this review domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 10-15 years. Relevant articles from the peer-reviewed literature and clinical practice guidelines were included. Results. Many recent studies have proved the contribution of various epigenetic factors to the pathogenesis of spontaneous miscarriages, and the molecular-genetic determination such kinds of pregnancy complication has been confirmed. Conclusion. The miscarriage in early gestation is driven by combined impact of epigenetic and molecular-genetic factors, as well as the presence of intergenic interactions. It is may lead to deterioration of physiological functions, and maternal pathologenic pathways could be changed as during her periconceptional period as so during the pregnancy.

scholarly journals Using seasonal genomic changes to understand historical adaptation: parallel selection on stickleback in highly-variable estuaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Garcia-Elfring ◽  
Antoine Paccard ◽  
Timothy J. Thurman ◽  
Ben A. Wasserman ◽  
Eric P. Palkovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Parallel Selection ◽  
Frequency Changes

AbstractParallel evolution is considered strong evidence for natural selection. However, few studies have investigated the process of parallel selection as it plays out in real time. The common approach is to study historical signatures of selection in populations already well adapted to different environments. Here, to document selection in action under natural conditions, we study six populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting bar-built estuaries that undergo seasonal cycles of environmental changes. Estuaries are periodically isolated from the ocean due to sandbar formation during dry summer months, with concurrent environmental shifts that resemble the long-term changes associated with postglacial colonization of freshwater habitats by marine populations. We used pooled whole-genome sequencing (Pool-WGS) to track seasonal allele frequency changes in these populations and search for signatures of natural selection. We found consistent changes in allele frequency across estuaries, suggesting a potential role for parallel selection. Functional enrichment among candidate genes included transmembrane ion transport and calcium binding, which are important for osmoregulation and ion balance. The genomic changes that occur in threespine stickleback from bar-built estuaries could provide a glimpse into the early stages of adaptation that have occurred in many historical marine to freshwater transitions.

Flexibility of nuptial colouration in a unique ecotype of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Corney ◽  
Anne Haley ◽  
Laura Weir
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Mate Quality ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Potential Signal ◽  
Intersexual Competition

Nuptial colouration in animals may serve as a signal of competitor and/or mate quality during breeding. In many temperate fishes, nuptial colouration develops during discrete breeding seasons and is a target of sexual selection. We examine nuptial colouration and behaviour of a unique ecotype of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758), wherein males turn from dull brown-grey to pearlescent white during the breeding season. The main goal of this work was to determine the relative role of white colouration in intersexual competition and mate choice. In a combination of a field and laboratory work, we found that males are brightest white when engaging in courtship activities in the presence of a female; this indicates that white colouration may be primarily related to enhancing signalling during mate attraction. White colouration intensity increased as the breeding season progressed and may be related to an influx of conspecifics. Colour change from cryptic grey to bright white occurred rapidly (< 90 seconds) and may be deployed to enhance behavioural signals. We conclude that bright white colouration in the white ecotype is a potential signal of mate quality and may have evolved from a previously existing capacity for colour plasticity in common Threespine Stickleback.

Thermal preference in relation to salinity in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., with an interpretation of its significance

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Garside ◽  
D. G. Heinze ◽  
S. E. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Preferences

Thermal preferences were determined in spacious thermal gradients of fresh water and sea water (32‰ salinity (S))for acclimations of 5, 15, and 25 °C in sea water, for samples of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Preferred temperatures increased through acclimations of 5–25 °C, with those for the freshwater tests being about 2 °C lower at each acclimation. Final preferenda were 16 and 18 °C for freshwater tests and seawater tests, respectively. The final preferendum in such haloplastic species is defined as the highest obtainable preferendum that equals acclimation temperature. A later series of disjunct preference determinations in approximately isosmotic water (10.5‰ S) for subjects acclimated to 7, 15, and 20 °C yielded mean values of 17.7, 18.2, and 18.7 °C, respectively. A final preferendum has not been designated since the samples were of separate origins. A parallel exists between these responses and the response of this and other haloplastic species in the determination of upper lethal temperatures. The immediate cause appears to be differentials in metabolic loading occasioned by l stresses.

Familial trichotillomania: role of genetic factors in the determination of subtypes

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Ghaffari Nejad Alireza ◽  
Fariborz Estilaee ◽  
Mohammad M. Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Hair Pulling ◽  
Psychiatric Syndrome ◽  
The Family

ObjectivesTrichotillomania (TTM) is a psychiatric syndrome characterised by the inability to control repetitive hair pulling. Psychiatric data reveal that TTM is not usually prevalent among all family members of patients, and so far only one case of familial TTM has been reported.MethodsIn this study, we report a case of familial TTM that afflicted four sisters and discuss the importance of genetic factors in this disorder.ResultsThis report suggests that, similar to many other psychiatric disorders, TTM can be detected in other family members and that genetic factors not only have a significant role in the development of such disorders but also in determination of the disorder subtype. This report also shows that the comorbidities in one member of the family might predict the existence of comorbidities in other members. On the basis of response to medication.Conclusionthe authors suggest that a genetic disorder like polymorphism in serotonin receptors or dopamine can cause such a disorder.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of ESR, FSHß, RBP4, PRL, OPN genes and their influence on morphometric traits of gilt reproductive tract before sexual maturity

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kapelański ◽  
Robert Eckert ◽  
Hanna Jankowiak ◽  
Aurelia Mucha ◽  
Maria Bocian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Broad Ligament ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Large White ◽  
Genetic Determination

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of gene polymorphism on the development of the reproductive system in 100 Polish Large White and 100 Polish Landrace gilts. Gilts were slaughtered when they reached 100 kg, and their uterus weight and length, as well as the ovary weight and volume were evaluated. Differences between gilts of both breeds were observed in some traits of the reproductive system, such as the uterine weight without the broad ligament (P ≤ 0.05) and the uterine capacity (P ≤ 0.01). Polish Landrace gilts were characterized with higher uterine weight and higher uterine capacity; they were also younger at the time of slaughter (P ≤ 0.05). No BB homozygote relative to the oestrogen receptor gene was found in the examined populations of Polish Landrace gilts. Also, a very low number of gilts with the AA genotype relative to follicle stimulating hormone gene was observed in both populations. Polymorphism of the examined genes had an effect on numerous traits which define the size of particular uterine sections, and thus it influenced the development of potential fertility of gilts before they entered the reproductive cycle. Based on our results we can conclude that genetic determination of reproductive potential occurs already in prepubertal gilts. The results may be used for the prognosis of fertility potential in gilts.

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