Biological and physical variables associated with aggregations of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. E. Stokesbury ◽  
John H. Himmelman

To identify factors that may determine where aggregations (beds) of giant scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) develop, we compared physical and biological conditions in two scallop beds in Port Daniel Bay, Baie des Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence, with conditions in seven adjacent areas. Gravel substratum predominantly characterized scallop beds. Physical hydrographic conditions and the intensity of asteroid predation were similar within scallop beds and in surrounding areas with few scallops. High P. magellanicus spat settlement density was not consistently correlated with existing scallop aggregations, but filamentous organisms, on which scallops preferentially settle, were more abundant in scallop beds, possibly enhancing recruitment. Scallop growth rate varied among areas and was intermediate within scallop beds. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) preyed on P. magellanicus and may influence scallop distribution. Scallop tethering experiments indicated that risk of predation was low within scallop beds compared with adjacent areas. Scallop mortality was positively correlated with mean density of both rock crab (Cancer irroratus) and American lobster (Homarus americanus). We conclude that gravel substratum, low decapod predation, and presence of filamentous flora and fauna are critical factors determining scallop aggregation location.

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Elner ◽  
Glen S. Jamieson

Various predation techniques used by rock crabs, Cancer irroratus, and American lobsters, Homarus americanus, to open sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, prey are reported. Adult rock crabs and lobsters successfully fed on sea scallops up to 72 and 76 mm in height, respectively. Juvenile lobsters were capable of preying on scallops whose height exceeded their own carapace length. Daily predation rates on a range of scallop sizes by various sizes of predator were obtained. Given a choice, both rock crabs and lobsters showed distinct and constant preferences for certain size scallops. This preferred prey size increased with predator size. These laboratory studies demonstrated that both rock crabs and lobsters are potential scallop predators. Key words: sea scallops, crabs, lobsters, predation techniques, prey selectivity


1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Jamieson ◽  
H. Stone ◽  
M. Etter

Predation studies in underwater cage enclosures on natural substrates were conducted in 1979 and 1980 to assess the propensity of adult American lobsters, Homarus americanus, and rock crabs, Cancer irroratus, to prey upon sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus. In 1979, the initial prey by both predator species was large, embedded horse mussels (Modiolus modiolus). In the enclosure containing lobsters, this was followed by lobster cannibalism and, finally, when lobster density was reduced, predation on large sea scallops (80–110 mm shell height). No cannibalism or predation on large scallops occurred in the rock crab enclosure. In 1980, small scallops (40–55 mm shell height) were presented to lobsters and rock crabs; predation occurred regardless of predator density. Large sea scallops and unembedded horse mussels were consumed when crustacean densities approached natural levels. These studies demonstrate that small sea scallops and embedded horse mussels can be readily consumed by lobsters and rock crabs under field conditions, but that natural predation of large scallops by either rock crabs or lobsters is of lesser magnitude.Key words: sea scallops, crabs, lobsters, predation, prey selectivity


Author(s):  
M. John Tremblay

The distribution of large epibenthic invertebrates (lobster and crabs, bivalve molluscs and echinoderms) in the Bras d’Or Lakes is reviewed, and possible limiting factors are identified. The review is based on published and unpublished studies, including recent trawl surveys directed at fish, and trapping studies directed at American lobster Homarus americanus and green crab Carcinus maenas. The reduced salinities within the Lakes probably limit the distribution of several species (rock crab Cancer irroratus, sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus and possibly American lobster), particularly during the more sensitive larval period. Lobsters and eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica serve to illustrate the multiple factors limiting epibenthic invertebrate distribution within the Bras d’Or Lakes. Lobsters are less abundant within the Bras d’Or Lakes than on the outer coast of Cape Breton Island. Possible reasons are the reduced salinity and limited cobble bottom substrate in the Bras d’Or Lakes, coupled with low food availability and low egg production. Low egg production may be the result of overfishing of lobsters in the past. The life history and physiology of the eastern oyster appears to be well suited to the areas of the Lakes with warm summer temperatures. The oyster populations in the Bras d’Or Lakes are limited by natural predators (e.g. starfish and green crab), competitors (e.g. blue mussel Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus), and overfishing. The green crab, a new arrival to the Bras d’Or Lakes, will likely have negative effects on bivalves such as oysters, but the overall effect of green crab on the Bras d’Or Lakes food web is difficult to predict. Recent trawl surveys indicate both sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and starfish are present in considerable abundance, but little is known about their ecological roles in the Bras d’Or Lakes.La distribution des grands invertébrés épibenthique (les homards et les crabes, les mollusques bivalves et les échinodermes) dans les lacs du Bras d’Or est examinée et les coefficients possiblement limitatifs sont identifies. La revue est basée sur des études publiées et non-publiées englobant les plus récentesétudes sur la pêche au chalut dirigées vers les poissons et les études sur la pêche aux casiers dirigées vers les homards américains Homarus americanus et les crabes verts Carcinus maenas. Salinités réduites dans les lacs du Bras d’Or limitent probablement la distribution de quelques espèces crabes roches Cancer irroratus, pétoncle géant Placopecten magellanicus et possiblement le homard américain, en particulier, pendent l’époque sensible du larvaire. Les homards et les huîtres de l’Est Crossostrea virginica montrent plusieurs facteurs coefficients limitatifs de la distribution des invertébrés épibenthique dan les lacs du Bras d’Or. Les homards sont moins abondants ici que sur la côte extérieure de L’Ille du Cap Breton. Des explications possibles sont la réduction de l’eau saline du pavé rond limite dans le substratum de lacs, ainsi que la pauvre disponibilité de mangé et la production basse des oeufs. Cette dernière est peut-être le résultat d’un trop grand prise de homards au passè. L’histoire et la physiologie des huîtres semblent être bien adaptés aux lieux des lacs de Bras d’Or, qui ont des temperatures chaudes dan l’été. La population des huîtres dans les lacs est limitée par des proies natures ( ie étoiles de mer et les crabes verts) compétiteurs ( ie. Moules bleus Mytilus edulis et M. trossulus) et une trop grande prise de poissons. Le crabe vert, une arrivée nouvelle dans les lacs du Bras d’Or va sans doute avoir des impacts négatifs sur les bivalues comme les huîtres, mais leurs impacts en general sur la chaîne nutritive est difficile à prédire. Les études les plus recents sur la pêche au chalut montrent qu’il y a ungrand nombre d’oursins de mer Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis et des étoiles de mer, mais on ne connait pas quel est leur rôle écologique dans les lacs du Bras d’Or.


PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8444
Author(s):  
Nicola Zargarpour ◽  
Cynthia H. McKenzie ◽  
Brett Favaro

Marine species invasions pose a global threat to native biodiversity and commercial fisheries. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is one of the most successful marine invaders worldwide and has, in the last decade, invaded the southern and western coastal waters of the island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. Impacts of green crab on the American lobster (Homarus americanus), which are native to Newfoundland, are not well understood, particularly for interactions around deployed fishing gear. Declines in lobster catch rates in invaded systems (i.e., Placentia Bay, NL), have prompted concerns among lobster fishers that green crab are interfering with lobster catch. Here, we conducted a field experiment in a recently-invaded bay (2013) in which we deployed lobster traps pre-stocked with green crab, native rock crab (Cancer irroratus) (a procedural control), or empty (control). We compared catch per unit effort across each category, and used underwater cameras to directly observe trap performance in situ. In addition, we used SCUBA surveys to determine the correlation between ambient density of lobster and green crab in the ecosystem and the catch processes of lobster in traps. We found: (1) Regardless of the species of crab stocked, crab presence reduced the total number of lobster that attempted to enter the trap, and also reduced entry success rate, (2) lobster consumed green crab, rock crab and other lobster inside traps and (3) there was a positive association between lobster catch and ambient lobster density. Our results suggest that while there was a relationship between in-trap crab density and trap catch rates, it was not linked to the non-native/native status of the crab species.


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