Use of the lateral line in particulate feeding in the dark by juvenile alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janssen ◽  
Warren R. Jones ◽  
Audrey Whang ◽  
Philip E. Oshel
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Particulate Feeding ◽  
Feeding Observations ◽  
Individual Prey

The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an obligate planktivore which uses a variety of methods for capturing zooplankton. Alewife eat Mysis relicta, especially larger individuals, at night during a vertical migration by both predator and prey. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that alewife use the lateral line to sense prey and feed particulately (single prey at a time) in the dark. We used Daphnia magna and Artemia salina adults as prey. Prey densities were such that they did not elicit filter feeding. Observations using infrared video showed that alewife captured individual prey and bit at a vibrating inert bead. We concluded that under appropriate conditions, alewife were size selective and that streptomycin (which blocks the lateral line sensory cells) eliminated this feeding behavior.

Feeding Modes and Prey Size Selection in the Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1972-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Prey Size ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Size Selection ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Particulate Feeding ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Individual Prey

Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) feed on zooplankton in three modes: 1) particulate feeding on individual prey; 2) filtering with the mouth held agape, accompanied by strong swimming; and 3) gulping, in which the mouth opens and closes more slowly than a particulate feeder and more rapidly than a filterer, and swimming is slower than in a filterer. Individuals that feed by filtering are not size selective; gulpers are size selective; and particulate feeders are more size selective than gulpers. Gulpers and filterers take more than 1 prey per mouth opening and closing; particulate feeders take only 1.

Feeding-Behavior Repertoire of the Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and the Ciscoes Coregonus hoyi and C. artedii

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Particulate Feeding ◽  
Coregonus Hoyi

Particulate feeding, where fish orient to and take prey one at a time, is shown by the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and the ciscoes Coregonus hoyi and C. artedii. Specialized particulate feeding is found in ciscoes and alewives for capturing strongly swimming prey such as Mysis relicta and calanoid copepods. This involves simultaneous darting and sucking. Alewives filter feed by swimming with the mouth fully agape for 0.5–2 s while driving hard with the tail. Ciscoes do not filter feed, but they and alewives display gulping behavior where fish open and close the mouth 2–3 times/s, do not drive hard with the tail, and may take more than one prey per gulp. The alewife has difficulty feeding near or on the bottom. The ciscoes feed easily on or near the bottom and will also take buried prey. Key words: Alosa pseudoharengus, Coregonus hoyi, C. artedii, feeding behavior, Great Lakes, Lake Michigan

Feeding Ecology and Vertical Migration of Adult Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janssen ◽  
Stephen B. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Vertical Distributions

Vertical distributions of adult alewife (135–216 mm long) and Mysis relicta were measured acoustically on a 24 h basis during July, September, and October 1975 and June 1976 at a station 8 km northeast of Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 50 m of water. Both Mysis and adult alewife concentrated on the bottom during day and migrated upwards to the base of the thermocline at night. Extent and timing of vertical migrations of Mysis and alewife coincided. During bright moonlight Mysis concentrated at depths well below the thermocline and larger adult alewives concentrated within this Mysis layer while smaller adult alewives migrated to the base of the thermocline. An examination of stomach contents indicated that vertical migrations were mechanistically linked to feeding behavior. Adult alewives fed extensively on Mysis at night. Total lengths of Mysis in alewife stomachs were significantly longer than total lengths of Mysis captured in vertical plankton tows. Pontoporeia hoyi occurred in alewife stomachs in late afternoon (September) and early evening (June, October). Microcrustacean zooplankton were eaten mostly during day (June) or early morning (October). As Mysis was the most important food, the vertical migration of alewives is interpreted as an adaptation for feeding on vertically migrating Mysis.Key words: alewives, Lake Michigan, Mysis, Pontoporeia hoyi, vertical migration, feeding ecology, light

A Study on the Fine Structure of the Lateral Line Organ of the Sea Eel

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 648-649
Author(s):  
K. Hama
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Low Frequency Vibration ◽  
Transmission Electron

The lateral line organs of the sea eel consist of canal and pit organs which are different in function. The former is a low frequency vibration detector whereas the latter functions as an ion receptor as well as a mechano receptor.The fine structure of the sensory epithelia of both organs were studied by means of ordinary transmission electron microscope, high voltage electron microscope and of surface scanning electron microscope.The sensory cells of the canal organ are polarized in front-caudal direction and those of the pit organ are polarized in dorso-ventral direction. The sensory epithelia of both organs have thinner surface coats compared to the surrounding ordinary epithelial cells, which have very thick fuzzy coatings on the apical surface.

Mysid and fish zooplanktivory in Lake Ontario: quantification of direct and indirect effects

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2734-2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Gal ◽  
Lars G Rudstam ◽  
Edward L Mills ◽  
Jana R Lantry ◽  
Ora E Johannsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Potential Rate

Mysis relicta and planktivorous fish feed on zooplankton in Lake Ontario and form a trophic triangle that includes intraguild predation by fish on mysids. Thus, fish affect zooplankton both directly and indirectly. To evaluate the importance of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), and mysids as zooplanktivores in Lake Ontario, we measured abundances and distributions, assessed diets, and computed mysid and fish consumption rates based on bioenergetics models. We further estimated indirect effects by comparing clearance rates given observed and potential mysid distributions. Estimated consumption rates varied widely with season and water depth and ranged between 2.6 × 10–3 and 1.3 g·m–2·day–1 for mysids and between 1.4 × 10–3 and 0.5 g·m–2·day–1 for fish, representing a daily removal of zooplankton of up to 10.2%·day–1 and 2.0%·day–1 by mysids and fish, respectively. Mysid planktivory exceeded fish planktivory in May and August, but fish planktivory dominated in October. Estimated mysid planktivory rates were 2- to 90-fold lower than the potential rate if mysids moved to temperatures that maximized their predation rates, suggesting an indirect positive effect of fish on zooplankton.

Electroreceptors and Direction Specific Arrangement in the Lateral Line System of Salamanders?

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 493-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Fritzsch
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Organ ◽  
Posterior Lateral Line ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Lateral Line Afferents ◽  
Line Organ

Abstract The arrangement of the lateral line afferents of salamanders as revealed by transganglionic staining with horse­ radish peroxidase is described. Each lateral line organ is supplied by two fibers only. In the medulla these two afferent fibers run in separate fiber bundles. It is suggested, that only those fibers contacting lateral line sensory cells with the same polarity form together one bundle. Bundles formed by anterior or posterior lateral line afferents are also clearly separated. Beside the lateral line organs smaller pit organs are described. These organs are supplied by one afferent only which reveals an arrangement in the medulla different from that of the lateral line afferents. Based on anatomical facts, these small pit organs are considered to be electroreceptors. Centrifugally projecting neurons, most probably efferents, are described in the medulla.

The fine structure of ampullary electric receptors in Amiurus

1964 ◽  
Vol 160 (980) ◽  
pp. 345-359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Pit Organ ◽  
Accessory Cells ◽  
Myelinated Nerves ◽  
Square Array ◽  
Small Nerve

The small pit-organs of Amiurus have been included in the group of ampullary lateral-line organs. On morphological and physiological grounds these ampullary organs are thought to be electric receptors and not mechano-receptors; thus they can be distinguished from all other types of acoustico-lateralis organs of vertebrates. Each small pit-organ consists of a duct leading from the surface of the skin to an ampulla, beneath which there is a group of cells lying at the base of the epidermis. There are two main types of cells in this group: the receptor and the accessory cells. The apical surfaces of the receptor cells bear microvillae but no cilia: these microvillae project into the lumen of the ampulla. Myelinated nerves supply the organs at the base ; they lose their myelin sheaths before entering the cell group where they branch and innervate the receptor cells. Small nerve terminals are closely applied to the surface of the receptor cells and in some places are thought to be in synaptic contact. Near these regions characteristic dense bodies are found in the base of the receptor cells. The bodies are surrounded by an accumulation of small vesicles of about 300 to 500 Å in diameter; they resemble structures found in corresponding situations in other types of sensory cells. Dense inclusions are found in some receptor cells: these inclusions have a highly ordered fine structure which in some sections appears as a square array of dense dots having a centre-to-centre spacing of about 75 Å. These observations are discussed in relation to the supposed activity of small pit-organs as electric receptors and to their position in the group of ampullary lateral-line organs.

Light and diel vertical migration: spectral sensitivity and light avoidance by Mysis relicta

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Gal ◽  
Ellis R Loew ◽  
Lars G Rudstam ◽  
Ali M Mohammadian
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Cayuga Lake

Ambient light levels determine the extent of diel vertical migration of many species including mysid shrimps. Light levels perceived by an organism depend on the intensity of light at the surface, the extinction of light through the water, and the sensitivity of the organism's light receptors. Each of these processes has spectral characteristics that should be taken into account when measuring perceived light levels. We used microspectrophotometry to determine that Mysis relicta has a single pigment with the characteristics of rhodopsin based on vitamin A1 and a peak sensitivity of 520 nm. Similar to the use of the lux (scaled to human vision), we give ambient light levels scaled to the mysid's visual spectrum in mylux units. Mysid distributions were observed with acoustics around two artificial light sources in Cayuga Lake, New York. Mysids avoided light levels of 3.4 × 10-7 to 2.1 × 10-6 mylux. Similar light levels limited their vertical distributions during the night in Lake Ontario and during the day in Cayuga Lake. Of standard light sensors available, lux meters are more appropriate than photosynthetically active radiation meters for determining light levels perceived by mysids.

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