Variation in the relationship between otolith weight and age: implications for the estimation of age of two tropical damselfish (Pomacentrus moluccensis and P. wardi)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Worthington ◽  
P. J. Doherty ◽  
A. J. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Second Variation ◽  
Power Of Tests ◽  
Economic Method ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Pomacentrus Moluccensis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Types Of Error

The weight of otoliths may provide an objective and economic method of ageing fish. To investigate this potential, populations of two species of fish (Pomacentrus moluccensis and P. wardi) were sampled from the lagoons of seven coral reefs within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The weight of otoliths increased with age throughout the life of both species. Two factors appeared to have the potential to undermine the use of otolith weight to estimate the age of individuals. First, overlap in the range of otolith weight among fish of different ages caused normally distributed errors in the subsequent estimation of age by otolith weight. Second, variation among reefs in the relationship between otolith weight and age biased subsequent age determinations. Both these types of error also affected the estimation of the age structure of the populations. Random errors in age determination resulted in the smoothing of the age structure whilst bias either shifted or compressed the age structure. While smoothing of an age structure will not compromise the results of several types of analysis, bias will be detrimental to most. Consequently, randomization methods were used to estimate the power of tests to detect variation in the relationship between otolith weight and age. Our results show that by frequently recalibrating the relationship between otolith weight and age, it can be used as an objective and economic method of age determination with the potential to be as reliable as counting annuli in sectioned otoliths.

Determining the most efficient method of age determination for estimating the age structure of a fish population

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2320-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Worthington ◽  
A. J. Fowler ◽  
P. J. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Pomacentrus Moluccensis ◽  
Ageing Methods

Less precise, but economic methods for estimating the age of individual fish can provide better estimates of age structure than precise, but expensive methods. The benefits of using a precise ageing method can be compromised by its cost, which may restrict the size of the sample aged. If sample size is restricted, the effect of sampling error on an age structure may be greater than the effect of ageing error from a less precise ageing method that does not restrict sample size. We used Monte Carlo simulations to assess the relative size of sampling and ageing errors when estimating the age structure of populations of Pomacentrus moluccensis from the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Sampling error associated with ageing less than 200 individuals was, on average, larger than the effects of most commonly reported ageing errors. Other factors that may complicate this comparison of ageing methods involve the financial cost of different methods and the logistics of sampling more fish.

A contingency perspective on learning and instruction in physical education

2021 ◽  
pp. 1356336X2098588
Author(s):  
Jonas Wibowo ◽  
Ben Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Contingency Perspective ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning And Instruction

In this article, we focus on the contingency between learning and instruction in physical education (PE). We argue that the complex interconnectedness of teachers’ instruction and students’ learning processes should be studied using a unit of analysis that expresses the relationship between the two factors. A contingency perspective foregrounds the individual differences between different learners and how a teacher regards these differences. Furthermore, it has the potential to provide a precise lens for empirical research on how the students’ situations shape the evolution of the teaching--learning process. Based on scaffolding research and adaptive teaching research, which draws on socio-constructivist foundations, we call this unit of analysis ‘contingency’. We outline a framework of research that suggests depicting contingency dimensions, respective instructional continua, and contingency rules when investigating contingency in PE. Furthermore, autonomy as a core contingency dimension for PE and methodological issues will be discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of genotype, age of hens and K/k allele on eggshell quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ledvinka ◽  
L. Zita ◽  
M. Hubený ◽  
E. Tůmová ◽  
M. Tyller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Eggshell Quality ◽  
Feather Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

We assessed the influence of the particular genotype, age of layers, feather growth-rate gene, and their mutual interactions on selected indicators of eggshell quality in six groups of hens of the laying type Dominant. The following genotypes were examined in the experiment: Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 951 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 901 (k) strain, fast-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 954 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 894 (k) strain, fast-feathering; crossbreds of the above strains in the F<sub>1</sub> generation Dominant D 107 blue (K), slow-feathering and Dominant D 107 blue (k), fast-feathering. The layers were fed a feed mixture NP1 (16.64 % CP) from the 20<sup>th</sup> week of age and a feed mixture NP2 (15.02% CP) from the 42<sup>nd</sup> week. Husbandry conditions met the regular requirements of laying hens. Egg production and live weight of hens were monitored for the duration of the experiment (12 months). Eggshell quality was examined at the layers' age of 27, 35 and 56 weeks. The average hen-day egg production for the duration of the experiment (12 months) was not significantly influenced by the particular genotype or the feather growth-rate gene. The varying representation of the feather growth-rate gene significantly (P &le; 0.001) influenced the live weight; similarly, the relationship between the genotype and the representation of K/k alleles was significant. The average egg weight was influenced statistically significantly (P &le; 0.001) by the age of hens, their genotype (P &le; 0.05), feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001), and the relationship between the age and genotype (P &le; 0.001). The age of hens, genotype, and the interaction of these two factors affected the egg shape index, as did the incidence of the feather growth-rate gene within the population (with a statistical significance of P &le; 0.001). The age, genotype and the feather growth-rate gene incidence within the population also significantly affected the eggshell quality indicators. In the eggshell to egg ratio, eggshell thickness and strength, an interaction was determined between the age of hens and their particular genotype. The eggshell colour was also significantly (P &le; 0.001) affected by hens' age, genotype (P &le; 0.001), as well as by the feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001). No significant interaction between the age and the genotype was found for this indicator.

scholarly journals The Effect of Family Background on Student Effort

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoë Kuehn ◽  
Pedro Landeras
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Marginal Productivity ◽  
School Students ◽  
Student Effort ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
University Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Students from more advantageous family backgrounds tend to perform better than those from less advantageous backgrounds. But it is not clear that these students exert more effort. We build a model of students, schools, and employers to study the interaction of family background and effort exerted by the student in the education process. Two factors turn out to be key in determining the relationship between effort and family background: (i) the student’s attitude toward risk and (ii) how the student’s marginal productivity of effort depends on her family background. We show that when the degree of risk aversion is relatively low (high) compared to the sensitivity of the marginal productivity of effort, students from more advantageous family backgrounds exert more (less) effort. Empirically, we find that if parental education was reduced from holding a university degree to incomplete compulsory education, primary and secondary school students would exert around 21–23% less effort (approximately equal to a reduction of 2 hours weekly in homework). For primary school students we also find that marginal productivities of effort are higher for those from less advantageous family backgrounds.

Depressive Experience and Romantic Relationships in Young Adulthood

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Morrison ◽  
Anthony J. Urquiza ◽  
Beth L. Goodlin-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Relationship Distress ◽  
Sexual Dissatisfaction ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Relational Aspect ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the associations between two factors of depressive experience (dependency and self-criticism) and satisfaction in adult romantic relationships. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, along with measures of attachment and relationship satisfaction, were administered to 107 men and 140 women attending local community colleges. Self-criticism was associated with global relationship distress and sexual dissatisfaction. In a combined regression equation, measures of self-criticism, attachment security, and attachment activation all contributed to predicting general relationship distress. Only scores on self-criticism predicted sexual dissatisfaction. The relationship dissatisfaction reported by those with high scores on self-criticism appears to be a relational aspect of the “destructiveness of perfectionism” described by Blatt.

Research on the Dilemma and Path of Rural Industry Integration and Internet Revitalization Driven by E-commerce

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 4163-4171
Author(s):  
Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Rural Industry ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Correlation Degree ◽  
New Development ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Industry Integration ◽  
The Relationship

The emergence of Internet technology provides a new development mode for the development of rural industry. In view of the fact that the rural integrated Internet is in its infancy, and the unpredictability and uncertainty of “Internet +” innovation in the era of “digital economy”, the development of rural integrated Internet is facing many challenges, and there are development misunderstandings and dilemmas. This paper studies the dilemma and path of rural industry integration and Internet revitalization driven by e-commerce. Driven by e-commerce, this paper analyzes the current situation of the Internet revitalization of rural industry integration, summarizes the problems existing in the Internet revitalization of rural industry integration, constructs a grey correlation model to analyze the correlation degree of the influencing factors in the rural industry and Internet integration, and takes a certain rural industry as an example to prove that the model can be used to analyze the relationship between the two factors On this basis, the paper puts forward the effective strategies of rural industry integration and Internet revitalization driven by e-commerce.

Statistical characterization of the random errors in the radioimmunoassay dose--response variable.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Rodbard ◽  
R H Lenox ◽  
H L Wray ◽  
D Ramseth
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Least Squares Curve Fitting ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We have developed practical methods for evaluating the magnitude of the random errors in radioimmunoassay dose--response variables, and the relationship between this error and position on the dose--response curve. This is important: to obtain appropriate weights for each point on the dose--response curve when utilizing least-squares curve-fitting methods; to evaluate whether the standards and the unknowns are subject to error of the same magnitude; for quality-control purposes; and to study the sources of errors in radioimmunoassay. Both standards and unknowns in radioimmunoassays for cAMP and cGMP were analyzed in triplicate. The same mean (Y), sample standard deviation, sy, and variance (2-y) of the response variable were calculated for each dose level. The relationship between s 2-y and y was calculated utilizing several models. Results for standards and unknowns from several assays were pooled, and a curve smoothing procedure was used to minimize random sampling errors. This pooling increased the reliability of the analysis, and confirmed the presence of the theoretically predicted nonuniformity of variance. Thus, the calculation of results from these radioimmunoassays should utilize a weighted least-squares curve-fitting program. These analyses have been computerized, and can be used as a "pre-processor" for programs for routine analysis of results of radioimmunoassay.

scholarly journals Encouragement Is Not Enough: Perceptions and Attitudes towards Corrective Feedback and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasti Holstun ◽  
Neil Rigsbee ◽  
Lynn Bohecker
Keyword(s):  
Counselor Education ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Online Counseling ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Online Counselor

This correlational study explored the relationship between feedback and counselor self-efficacy during online counselor education residency. Participants (N=145) were students from eight Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) accredited online counseling programs who completed instruments on perceptions of positive and corrective feedback, attitudes towards corrective feedback, and counselor self-efficacy. Results showed a significant positive correlation between perceptions of corrective feedback and self-efficacy. Two factors related to perceptions of corrective feedback also showed significant correlations with self-efficacy. Implications concerning providing corrective feedback in supervision for counselor in training are discussed.

scholarly journals Hubungan Hukum Dokter dan Pasien Serta Tanggung Jawab Dokter Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Yussy A. Mannas
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Medical Disputes ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Consequences

Abstract:The emergence rights and obligations as a result of legal relationship between doctors and patients could potentially trigger a dispute between doctors and patients or medical disputes. In an effort to avoid or reduce medical disputes, it is necessary to understand the construction of the legal relationship between doctor and patient. From this legal relationship which will result legal actions and gave rise to legal consequences. In a legal effect, it can’t be separated is about who is responsible, as far as what responsibility can be given. It describes that relationship and the patient's physician if constructed, it can be divided based on two factors; transaction of therapeutic and act. In relation patient - physician based therapeutic, known as therapeutic relationship or transaction therapeutic, there is a binding between patients and physicians in the treatment of the disease or treatment. Engagements happens is inspanningsverbintennis and not resultaatsverbintennis, and must comply with the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The relationship between doctor and patient is based on the Act - legislation occurred under Article 1354 of the Civil Code, which formulates zaakwaarneming. Legal relationship that occurs by two things above give rise to legal liability for doctors, the responsibility in the field of disciplinary law, criminal law, civil law and administrative law.Keywords: Doctor, Patient and Legal Relationship.Abstrak:Munculnya hak dan kewajiban sebagai akibat hubungan hukum antara dokter dan pasien berpotensi memicu terjadinya sengketa antara dokter dengan pasien atau sengketa medik. Dalam upaya menghindari atau mengurangi sengketa medik yang terjadi, maka perlu dipahami mengenai konstruksi hubungan hukum antara dokter dengan pasien. Dari hubungan hukum inilah yang akan melahirkan perbuatan hukum dan menimbulkan adanya akibat hukum. Dalam suatu akibat hukum, hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan adalah mengenai siapa yang bertanggung jawab, sejauh apa tanggung jawab dapat diberikan. Dalam tulisan ini diuraikan bahwa hubungan dokter dan pasien ini jika dikonstruksikan maka dapat dibagi berdasarkan dua hal, yaitu transaksi terapeutik dan undang-undang. Pada hubungan pasien- dokter berdasarkan terapeutik, dikenal hubungan terapeutik atau transaksi terapeutik, yaitu terjadi suatu ikatan antara pasien dan dokter dalam hal pengobatan atau perawatan penyakitnya. Perikatan yang terjadi ialah inspanningsverbintennis dan bukan resultaatsverbintennis, dan harus memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Hubungan dokter dan pasien berdasarkan undang–undang terjadi berdasarkan Pasal 1354 KUHPerdata yang merumuskan tentang zaakwaarneming. Hubungan hukum yang terjadi oleh dua hal diatas menimbulkan tanggung jawab hukum bagi dokter, yaitu tanggung jawab dalam bidang hukum, hukum pidana, hukum perdata dan hukum administrasi.Kata Kunci: Dokter, Pasien dan Hubungan Hukum. 

scholarly journals The Relationship between Stress and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Grit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaeyoon Kim ◽  
Keumjoo Kwak ◽  
Yeonsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Daily Hassles ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Korean Students ◽  
Prevention And Intervention ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
National Information ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction among adolescents. Participants were 605 Korean students from age 12 to 16 (mean age = 13.97 years). Stress was assessed using the Daily Hassles Scales for Children in Korea developed by Han and Yoo (1995). Grit was measured by the Korean translated version of the Original Grit Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007; Park et al., 2020), and smartphone addiction was measured by using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth developed by the National Information Society Agency (2011). The mediating effect was analyzed by using PROCESS macro version 3.5, and bootstrapping was conducted to test the significance of the mediating effect. The results showed that adolescent's stress and grit significantly influenced smartphone addiction. Also, grit partially mediated the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. This means that high levels of stress reduced grit, which in turn increased smartphone addiction proneness among adolescents. In addition, two factors of grit (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort) both mediated the association between stress and smartphone addiction. The current study is meaningful in that it is the first study to empirically investigate adolescent's grit in relation to stress and smartphone addiction. Moreover, this study can provide useful information about prevention and intervention strategies for smartphone addiction.

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