Mitochondrial DNA and allozyme variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O'Connell ◽  
D. O. F. Skibinski ◽  
J. A. Beardmore
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Four restriction enzymes were used to assay mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Wales. A total of 122 fish from 22 sites, within three catchments, were analyzed. A further 368 fish from seven of these sites were also investigated at 19–21 allozyme loci. The allozyme and mtDNA data revealed significant genetic differentiation between and within catchments. The allozyme data were as informative as mtDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in distinguishing between populations of Atlantic salmon. The similarity between data sets in information content is in contrast with previous studies. The relative value of both techniques to fishery managers is discussed.

Otolith and fish size relationships, measurement error, and size-selective mortality during the early life of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1663-1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Meekan ◽  
J J Dodson ◽  
S P Good ◽  
DAJ Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Weak Relationship ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Otolith Size

The development of the relationship between otolith and body size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) between hatching and emergence was examined by repeatedly measuring individually identified fish. Otolith growth increments were deposited daily in the period between hatching and emergence. Comparison of back-calculated otolith size and standard length using least squares regression analyses revealed a weak relationship between these variables at each of the 5-day sampling intervals. However, when data sets were pooled among intervals, variation in otolith size accounted for 98% of the variation in alevin length. A computer simulation demonstrated that levels of measurement error similar to those documented in our study resulted in the failure of regression analyses to detect strong relationships between otolith and fish size. Mortality that occurred during the experiment was strongly size selective. This truncated the size ranges of fish in cross-sectional data sets and thus reduced the ability of regression analysis to detect relationships between otolith and fish size. We propose that the weak relationship between otolith and fish size at emergence recorded in previous studies was an artifact of measurement error and the truncation of size ranges in regression analyses. Differences in alevin size at emergence were present at hatching and had been propagated by growth.

Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA separation of Pacific northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), from southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau)

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Ward ◽  
NG Elliott ◽  
PM Grewe
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Haplotype Frequency ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Southern Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Northern and southern bluefin tunas are morphologically similar and can be misidentified, posing problems for fishery management and marketing. Allozyme variation and restriction-site variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to distinguish between the two species. A survey of 36 allozyme loci active in white muscle and liver tissue showed that the genetic identity between the species was high (Nei's I = 0.907). One diagnostic locus (sAH*) and two nearly diagnostic loci (ADA* and GDA*) were found, and four loci showed highly significant allele frequency differences (FH*, GPI-A*, PGDH* and sSOD*). A survey of the mtDNA genome, using 15 restriction enzymes and southern blotting, revealed five restriction enzymes that gave species-diagnostic restriction digest profiles (Ban I, Bcl I, Dra I, Pvu II, Xba I) and a further three enzymes (Pst I, Barn HI and Nco I) with large haplotype frequency differences. Mitochondrial DNA analysis provided more reliable discrimination of specimens than did allozyme analysis, although the more rapid allozyme identification will be accurate for most specimens. The two biochemical genetic methods were then used to identify Australian-caught fish of uncertain identity. Six of 12 tuna originally considered to be northern bluefin tuna were confirmed as northern bluefin and six were identified as southern bluefin. The presence of northern bluefin tuna as far south as south-western Tasmania was confirmed.

A Polymorphism in the Ribosomal RNA Genes Distinguishes Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from North America and Europe

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Cutler ◽  
Sylvia E. Bartlett ◽  
Sheila E. Hartley ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Breeding Populations

There is good evidence to suggest that Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from North America and Europe form distinct breeding populations. However, it has been very difficult to discover a genetic marker that allows the continent of origin of an individual salmon to be determined unambiguously. Repetitive elements in the nuclear genome have provided population-specific markers in several species. Therefore, we examined the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) complex in Atlantic salmon by Southern blot analysis using a cloned repeating unit of the Drosophila melanogaster rDNA as a probe. A restriction fragment length polymorphism that could distinguish between salmon from Newfoundland and Scotland was detected using a combination of the restriction enzymes SacI and XbaI. The Newfoundland salmon had additional fragments of 3.6 kilobase pairs (kbp) and 2.6 kbp. Of 27 salmon from 10 populations in Europe, none possessed the 3.6- or the 2.6-kbp fragment whereas all 33 North American Atlantic salmon (from six populations) had the 2.6-kbp band and the majority showed the 3.6-kbp fragment. This preliminary survey strongly suggests that this genetic marker can be used to identify the continent of origin of individual Atlantic salmon.

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Gene ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn D. Hurst ◽  
Sylvia E. Bartlett ◽  
William S. Davidson ◽  
Ian J. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Sequence

Evidence for Antifreeze Protein Gene Transfer in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Margaret A. Shears ◽  
Madonna J. King ◽  
Peter L. Davies ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Antifreeze Polypeptides

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freeze to death if they come into contact with ice at water temperatures below −0.7 °C. Consequently, sea-pen culture of this species in cold water is severely limited. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) survive in ice-laden seawater by producing a set of antifreeze polypeptides (AFP). We are attempting to make the Atlantic salmon more freeze resistant by transferring antifreeze protein genes from the winter flounder to the genome of the salmon. Salmon eggs were microinjected with linearized DNA after fertilization. Individual fingerlings (1–2 g) were analyzed for flounder AFP genes by genomic Southern blotting. DNA from 2 out of 30 fingerlings showed hybridization to the flounder DNA probe. Hybridization bands following cleavage by restriction enzymes Sst l and Bam HI were identical to those of the injected DNA. Hybridization following Hind III digestion indicated that the flounder AFP gene was linked to the salmon genome. These hybridization signals were absent in the DNA from control fish. The intensity of the hybridization signals indicated that there was on average at least one copy of the AFP gene present per cell.

Selective effect of the duration of the critical temperature period on some allozyme loci of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1172-1179
Author(s):  
A. N. Stroganov ◽  
G. G. Novikov ◽  
K. I. Afanas’ev ◽  
T. V. Malinina ◽  
G. A. Rubtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Mitochondrial DNA variation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo, salar L., populations

1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. F. King ◽  
S. J. Hovey ◽  
D. Thompson ◽  
A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Molecular Genetic Analysis of Atlanto-Scandian Herring (Clupea Harengus) Populations Using Allozymes and Mitochondrial Dna Markers

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cemal Turan ◽  
Gary R. Carvalho ◽  
Jarle Mork
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Allozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) in genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (ND 5/6 genes) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to investigate the spatial genetic structure of Atlanto-Scandian herring (Clupea harengus). Samples (sample size=46–50/site) comprised Icelandic summer spawners, Norwegian spring spawners, and two fjord populations, Balsfjord and Trondheimsfjord, on the Norwegian coast. Fifty enzymes were assayed, and samples were routinely examined at 18 enzymes comprising 28 putative allozyme loci. Significant genetic differentiation (P < 0.001) was detected between Trondheimsfjord herring and all other samples, with apparent genetic homogeneity among remaining samples, including the Balsfjord; a region shown previously to contain an allozymically distinct population. Herring from the Balsfjord were shown allozymically to represent the Norwegian spring spawning group, suggesting the presence of two stocks, a deeper resident spawning (Balsfjord) and a shallower, non-native feeding population (Norwegian spring spawning). Variation at the ND5/6 genes using six restriction enzymes revealed 96 composite haplotypes in 196 fish. Mean haplotype diversity was high (0.92), though nucleotide divergence between samples was small (highest=0.00029, between Trondheimsfjord and Balsfjord samples; lowest=0.00003, between Icelandic summer and Balsfjord samples). Monte-Carlo %2 analysis of haplotype frequencies revealed no significant geographic heterogeneity among samples, thus revealing a discordant pattern of genetic differentiation produced by allozymes and mtDNA markers. The detection of a genetically divergent population in deeper waters of the Trondheimsfjord supports the existence of distinct deep-water resident populations in the Norwegian fjords.

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