Organization of Microsatellites Differs between Mammals and Cold-water Teleost Fishes

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1959-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Brooker ◽  
Doug Cook ◽  
Paul Bentzen ◽  
Jonathan M. Wright ◽  
Roger W. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Dinucleotide Repeats ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Significant Difference

Microsatellites, in particular (dG-dT)n and (dG-dA)n dinucleotide repeats, are abundant and display a high degree of length polymorphism and heterozygosity in eukaryotic genomes. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of 64 microsatellite sequences from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. The microsatellites were classified as perfect, imperfect, and compound repeats. The length and integrity of these repeats were compared with microsatellites characterized from two other teleosts, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and from three mammalian genomes, human, porcine, and canine. Differences were found in the proportions of the repeat classes; however, the most significant difference between microsatellites from teleost fishes and mammals was the propensity of the former to be of greater length: some cod and rainbow trout microsatellites were more than twice the size of the longest microsatellite repeats reported for any mammalian genome. Primers for PCR amplification were constructed for seven of the cod microsatellites. Allele frequencies, degree of polymorphism, and heterozygosity were estimated for a sample population. Amplification with these cod primers was also carried out on a number of related gadids. These polymorphic microsatellite loci have enormous potential utility as genetic markers for use in population, breeding, and evolutionary studies.

scholarly journals Susceptibility and Pathology in Juvenile Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua to a Marine Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus Isolated from Diseased Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3523
Author(s):  
Nina Sandlund ◽  
Renate Johansen ◽  
Ingrid U. Fiksdal ◽  
Ann Cathrine B. Einen ◽  
Ingebjørg Modahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia ◽  
Genotype Iii ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Positive Immunostaining ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus

The first known outbreak caused by a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) strain of genotype III in rainbow trout occurred in 2007 at a marine farm in Storfjorden, Norway. The source of the virus is unknown, and cod and other marine fish around the farms are suspected as a possible reservoir. The main objective of this study was to test the susceptibility of juvenile Atlantic cod to the VHSV isolate from Storfjorden. As the pathology of VHS in cod is sparsely described, an additional aim of the study was to give a histopathological description of the disease. Two separate challenge experiments were carried out, using both intra peritoneal (ip) injection and cohabitation as challenge methods. Mortality in the ip injection experiment leveled at approximately 50% three weeks post challenge. Both immunohistochemical and rRT-PCR analysis of organs sampled from diseased and surviving fish confirmed VHSV infection. No VHSV was detected in the cohabitants. The results indicate that Atlantic cod has a low natural susceptibility to this VHSV genotype III strain. One of the most extensive pathological changes was degeneration of cardiac myocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the lesions were related to VHSV. In some fish, the hematopoietic tissue of spleen and kidney showed degeneration and immunostaining, classical signs of VHS, as described in rainbow trout. Positive immunostaining of the capillaries of the gills, suggests this organ as a useful alternative when screening for VHSV.

Tissue Response of Fish to Invasion by Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Ramakrishna ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Epithelioid Cells ◽  
Collagen Fibres ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens

The histopathology of Pseudoterranova decipiens (L3) in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and naturally infected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was similar. The chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction included polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and fibroblasts. Giant cells were also found but only in the experimentally infected rainbow trout. Mature capsules around the larvae consisted of an inner layer, composed of macrophages which underwent epithelioid transformation and later gradually degenerated, and an outer layer, composed of fibroblasts and collagen fibres. A layer of lipofuscin was adjacent to the parasite in older cod infections but this was absent in all of the newly formed capsules in the experimentally infected rainbow trout.

Flavobacterium bernardetii sp. nov., a possible emerging pathogen of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in cold water

Aquaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 540 ◽  
pp. 736717
Author(s):  
Izzet Burcin Saticioglu ◽  
Hilal Ay ◽  
Soner Altun ◽  
Nevzat Sahin ◽  
Muhammed Duman
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

scholarly journals Vimentin in a cold-water fish, the rainbow trout: highly conserved primary structure but unique assembly properties

1996 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Herrmann ◽  
M.D. Munick ◽  
M. Brettel ◽  
B. Fouquet ◽  
J. Markl
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Filamentous Form ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Bona Fide

We have isolated from a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen cDNA library a clone coding for vimentin. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals a high degree of identity with vimentin from carp (81%), frog (71%), chick and human (73% each). Large stretches in the central alpha-helical rod are identical within all four classes of vertebrates, but in 17 residues spread over the entire rod, the two fish differ distinctly from the tetrapod species. In addition, in the more diverged non-helical head domain, a nonapeptide motif previously shown to be important for regular filament formation is conserved. Recombinant trout vimentin assembles into bona fide filaments in vitro, with a temperature optimum between 18 and 24 degrees C. Above 27 degrees C, however, filament assembly is abruptly abolished and short filaments with thickened ends as well as structures without typical intermediate filament appearance are formed. This distinguishes its assembly properties significantly from amphibian, avian and mammalian vimentin. Also in vivo, after cDNA transfection into vimentin-free mammalian epithelial cells, trout vimentin does not form typical intermediate filament arrays at 37 degrees C. At 28 degrees C, and even more pronounced at 22 degrees C, the vimentin-positive material in the transfected cells is reorganized in the perinuclear region with a partial fibrillar appearance, but typical intermediate filament arrays are not formed. Together with immunoblotting and immunolocalization data from trout tissues, where vimentin is predominantly found in glial and white blood cells, we conclude that vimentin is indeed important in its filamentous form in fish and other vertebrates, possibly fulfilling cellular functions not directly evident in gene targeting experiments carried out in mice.

scholarly journals Micronucleus occurrence in diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Strunjak-Perovic ◽  
R. Coz-Rakovac ◽  
N. Topic Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of the study was to observe the influence of different ploidy levels in fish on micronucleus occur­rence. Twenty minutes after fertilization, one group of rainbow trout eggs was exposed to water temperatures of 26°C in duration of 20 minutes to induce triploidy. Second group was kept in water temperature of 10°C, which is optimal for development of rainbow trout. The frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was determined in the peripheral circulation of rainbow trout 67 days (following absorption of the yolk – swim-up stage) and 128 days (fry stage) post fertilization. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes of diploid (1.10 ± 0.96‰) and triploid (2.41 ± 1.28‰) fish at swim-up stage. Increased mean values of micronucleus in diploid (1.80 ± 1.57‰) and triploid (5.92 ± 3.80‰) fry were also recorded.

Thermoregulatory behaviour in cod: Is the thermal preference in free-ranging adult Atlantic cod affected by food abundance?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1515-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

This study supports the hypothesis that well-fed cod (Gadus morhua) seek higher temperatures to increase growth rate, and poorly fed cod select lower temperatures to save metabolic energy. Depth and temperature of free-ranging adult cod (44–79 cm) were studied with data storage tags as part of a ranching project in an Icelandic fjord. Forage fish were regularly provided at four feeding stations where cod formed distinct “herds” (herd cod) that did not mingle much with the rest of the unconditioned cod in the fjord (wild cod). Several parameters (stomach fullness, liver index (fat reserves), condition factor, and growth rate) indicated that food intake was much greater in herd cod than in wild cod. In August, when the thermocline was well established, the herd cod remained in shallow (15–35 m) and warm water (8–10 °C), whereas the wild cod stayed in deep (80–90 m) and cold water (3–4 °C), but occasionally both groups explored depths and temperatures outside their preferred range. After vertical mixing in autumn when thermoregulation was not possible, the depth difference between the two groups decreased significantly.

scholarly journals The Effect of Slaughtering Procedures on Blood Spotting in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Liviu MIHALCA ◽  
Mihaela TIŢA ◽  
Ana MIHALCA ◽  
Ovidiu TIŢA
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was submitted for various slaughter and bleeding procedures to see what effect this would have on blood drainage of the muscles. Results show that the bleeding method is of less importance, while it is the timing that is important. No significant difference in bloodspotting was observed between fish that were bled live by a gill cut or percussive killed and bled by gutting. Most of the drainage of blood in the fish muscle seems to occur within the first hours postmortem, so rigor mortis is of little importance. The visual appearance of the fillet was influenced by number and size of the bloodstains. Colour measurements with Hunter L*, a*, b* did not reveal this. We conclude that a gill cut is not necessarily to obtain bleeding, so the industry can omit this phase and go directly to gutting.

Cold tolerance performance of westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its potential role in influencing interspecific hybridization

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Yau ◽  
E.B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Westslope Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Differential Adaptation

Hybridization between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (Girard, 1856)) occurs commonly when rainbow trout are introduced into the range of westslope cutthroat trout. Typically, hybridization is most common in warmer, lower elevation habitats, but much less common in colder, higher elevation habitats. We assessed the tolerance to cold water temperature (i.e., critical thermal minimum, CTMin) in juvenile rainbow trout and westslope cutthroat trout to test the hypothesis that westslope cutthroat trout better tolerate low water temperature, which may explain the lower prevalence of rainbow trout and interspecific hybrids in higher elevation, cold-water habitats (i.e., the “elevation refuge hypothesis”). All fish had significantly lower CTMin values (i.e., were better able to tolerate low temperatures) when they were acclimated to 15 °C (mean CTMin = 1.37 °C) versus 18 °C (mean CTMin = 1.91 °C; p < 0.001). Westslope cutthroat trout tended to have lower CTMin than rainbow trout from two populations, second–generation (F2) hybrids between two rainbow trout populations, and backcrossed rainbow trout at 15 °C (cross type × acclimation temperature interaction; p = 0.018). Differential adaptation to cold water temperatures may play a role in influencing the spatial distribution of hybridization between sympatric species of trout.

PCR Based Identification of Saprolegnia parasitica Affecting Rainbow Trout Aquaculture in Kashmir Region of Indian Himalayas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inain Jaies ◽  
Feroz Ahmad Shah ◽  
Adnan Abubakr ◽  
Oyas Asmi ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Saprolegnia Parasitica ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Major Bottleneck ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Saprolegnia parasitica infecting Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), has been a major bottleneck in the intensification and propagation of trout culture in northern Himalayas of India. Present study was to ascertain the presence of S. parasitica infections using molecular diagnostic techniques in cultured rainbow trouts collected from different hatcheries of Kashmir valley. Growth of S. parasitica at different incubation temperatures was examined. The molecular detection of fungus done by using PCR, revealed that the twenty trout specimens out of 144 collected samples were found infected with Saprolegnia parasitica with overall prevalence of 13.88%, with a PCR product size of around 750 bp. No growth of S. parasitica was reported at 4°C after 48 h of incubation. S. parasitica infections were more frequent in cold water months when water temperature was recorded between 7°C – 9°C.

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