Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Utilization of Hawks Creek, a Small and Nonnatal Tributary of the Upper Fraser River

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1139-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Charles Scrivener ◽  
Thomas G. Brown ◽  
Bruce C. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Juvenile Salmonids ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Prosopium Williamsoni ◽  
Small Tributary

Hawks Creek, a small tributary of the upper Fraser River where there is no record of spawning salmonids, was examined from May to November 1990 for the presence of juvenile salmonids. Age 0+ wild chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) appeared in May, increased to peak densities of 0.76 fish∙m−2 in late August, and were absent in November. Average residence time of marked chinook juveniles was 9 d. Duration of residency was size dependent, as small fish remained longer than large fish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) also had a short residency (mean = 21 d). We suggest that unsuitable rearing conditions (e.g., sediment load) in the mainstem Fraser River during the spring and summer favour the use of small, clear, and nonnatal tributaries by juvenile salmonids. Physical and biological explanations are proposed for their temporary use. These salmonid refuge habitats need to be protected.

The effects of domestication on the relative vulnerability of hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to predation

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony L Fritts ◽  
Jennifer L Scott ◽  
Todd N Pearsons
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relative Vulnerability

We tested whether one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture influenced the vulnerability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry to predators. Size-matched hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon fry were exposed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and torrent sculpin (Cottus rhotheus) predators in 10.8 m3 net pens. The hatchery origin fry were the offspring of first generation hatchery-reared broodstock, and the wild origin fry had no history of hatchery culture; both originated from the same stock. Wild origin fry were found to have a 2.2% (p = 0.016) survival advantage over hatchery origin fry during 2 years of predation challenges. The most important findings of this study are (i) domestication can affect the susceptibility to predators after only one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture practices, and (ii) the domestication effect was very small.

Individual variation in dispersal behaviour of newly emerged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bradford ◽  
G C Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Immediately after emergence from spawning gravels, fry of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations from tributaries of the upper Fraser River, British Columbia, distribute themselves downstream from the spawning areas, throughout the natal stream, and into the Fraser River. We tested the hypothesis that this range in dispersal distances is caused by innate differences in nocturnal migratory tendency among individuals. Using an experimental stream channel, we found repeatable differences in downstream movement behaviour among newly emerged chinook fry. Fish that moved downstream were larger than those that held position in the channel. However, the incidence of downstream movement behaviours decreased over the first 2 weeks after emergence. We propose that the variation among individuals in downstream movement behaviour we observed leads to the dispersal of newly emerged fry throughout all available rearing habitats. Thus, between- and within-population variation in the freshwater life history observed in these populations may be caused by small differences in the behaviour of individuals.

scholarly journals Modelling salmon migration as a mixture problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip McKinnell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Adult

Pulses of abundance in salmon migrations can arise from single populations arriving at different times, from multiple populations with different timing characteristics, or as a combination of these. Daily observations typically record an aggregate measure of abundance passing some location rather than the abundances of the individual components. An objective method is described that partitions a compound migration into its component parts by exploiting differences in the characteristics of each pulse. Simulated data were used to demonstrate when greater model complexity may be desirable. Three case studies of increasing complexity (Chilko Lake sockeye salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus nerka), large adult Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Fraser River salmon test fishery) demonstrate how the model can be applied in practice. Results indicated that Chilko Lake smolts rarely emigrate to sea as a single pulse, that the dates used to distinguish the spring run of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River may be overestimating its abundance, and that pulses of sockeye salmon abundance in a Fraser River ocean test fishery in 2014 may have arisen from some factor other than population composition.

scholarly journals The Entrainment and Screening of Returning and Postspawning Adult Salmonids at Irrigation Canals of the Umatilla River, Oregon

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
William G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Irrigation Canals ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Passive Integrated Transponders ◽  
Direction Of Movement

Abstract Anadromous salmonids can be vulnerable to entrainment at diversion intake structures on streams, effectively trapping fish in irrigation canals and removing them from a population. Currently little is known about how the differences in timing and direction of movement among adult salmonids contribute to their risk of entrainment and how successful they are at escaping irrigation canals. Potential routes of escape include passing against water currents and through the headgate of an irrigation canal intake or by navigating through screen and bypass infrastructure primarily designed to return juvenile fish to a stream. In this study, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) were used to track the movement of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (n = 573), Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (n = 39), and anadromous Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead, n = 853) as they entered areas of the Umatilla River basin (Oregon) with irrigation canals and as they attempted to escape irrigation canals after entrainment. Although adult steelhead and spring Chinook Salmon often encountered diversions at similar times, the vast majority of entrained adults were steelhead (94%). Between 2% and 8% of adult steelhead observed entering the area were entrained. The entrainment of steelhead was strongly associated with downstream movements and Umatilla River discharge below 40 m3/s. Many downstream-moving steelhead were postspawning fish (kelts). As a result, vulnerability of anadromous adults to entrainment differed by species due to the direction of their movements and how these movements coincide with canal operations and river flows. It is unlikely that the screened irrigation canals acted as an ecological sink; the majority of adult salmonids approached the screen and bypass infrastructure (≥88%) and later river detection confirmed that many had used that infrastructure to return to the river (≥47%). However, half of steelhead appeared to experience bypass delays at fish screens. Adult steelhead that approached the canal headgate after becoming trapped in the canal did not successfully return to the Umatilla River using this route. Unscreened irrigation canals elsewhere may disproportionally trap downstream-moving steelhead, like postspawning kelts, due to their propensity for entrainment and their difficulties escaping through the water intakes of irrigation canals. In streams with anadromous salmonids, fish screen and bypass infrastructure primarily designed to eliminate the permanent entrainment of juvenile fish can also prevent the removal of adult fish that may reproductively contribute to the population.

Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Overwintering in the Upper Fraser River: Field and Laboratory Tests

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Rogers ◽  
J. A. Servizi ◽  
C. D. Levings
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
River Fish

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from August 1986 to March 1987 at stations near Prince George and Quesnel, influenced by sewage and pulp mill discharges. Maximum densities of 0.2 fish·mࢤ2 were recorded. Salmon were collected at reference sites in November 1986 and at Agassiz in April 1987. Fingerling chinook were exposed at 0.7°C to a commercial wood preservative containing 2,3,4,6 - tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the laboratory to simulate winter conditions in the upper Fraser River. Fish exposed for 62 days to 2 ug·Lࢤ1 contained a mean of 224 ng·gࢤ1 TeCP and 431 ng·gࢤ1 PCP. Chlorophenol uptake in feral fish was low. However, 3,4,5-trichloro-guaiacol levels to 304 ng·gࢤ1 and tetrachloroguaiacol values to 136 ng·gࢤ1 were measured in March. Fish from Agassiz, 518 km downstream of Quesnel, also contained these two substances. Thus chinook salmon can bioconcentrate persistent chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols directly from cold water (< 1°C). The biological consequences are uncertain.

Extensive use of the Fraser River basin as winter habitat by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1759-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Levings ◽  
R. B. Lauzier
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Stream Type

Habitat in the low-water channel of the mainstem Fraser River and larger tributaries during winter may be an unappreciated factor influencing production of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in this system. Data from electrofishing surveys showed that shorelines were used by juvenile chinook from river km 110 to km 770. Almost the entire mainstem was therefore probably winter habitat, and major tributaries such as the Thompson, Quesnel, and Nechako rivers were also used. Estimated chinook density on the mainstem Fraser increased with distance upstream (maximum 0.30 m−2 at km 750 (Prince George)), but the highest density (0.99 m−2) in the surveys was observed on the Thompson River at Spences Bridge. The mean size of juvenile chinook decreased with distance upstream on the Fraser, ranging from 97 mm at km 110 to 65 mm at km 770. Chinook juveniles were feeding on Diptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera in winter. Some apparent growth was observed in the lower Fraser in early winter.

Using thalweg profiling to assess and monitor juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat in small streams

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1515-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Mossop ◽  
Michael J Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Yukon River ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Longitudinal Profiles ◽  
Small Tributary

Thalweg profiles are longitudinal profiles of the streambed elevation measured along the deepest portion of the stream. This technique has recently been advocated as a tool to assess and monitor fish habitat in streams because metrics calculated from thalweg profiles can provide useful information on habitat quality, and measurements are both repeatable and independent of stream flow. Relations between thalweg metrics and land use have also been documented. However, a relation between fish abundance and thalweg metrics has not been established. To develop this relation, we surveyed thalweg profiles and sampled juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) density in 14 reaches of small tributary streams of the upper Yukon River. Chinook salmon density was correlated with three thalweg metrics. Two of these metrics — length in residual pool and mean maximum residual pool depth — provided useful measures of pool extent and quality and useful information on Chinook salmon habitat. Thalweg metrics differed between these undisturbed streams and reaches in streams affected by placer gold mining. These results suggest that thalweg profiling provides a useful tool to assess and monitor fish habitat in small streams.

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