Long-term Invertebrate Community Response to Toxaphene Treatment in Two Lakes: 50-yr Records Reconstructed from Lake Sediments

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda M. Miskimmin ◽  
David W. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Native Fish ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Low Levels

Analysis of sediment cores from two toxaphene-treated and one untreated lake basin demonstrates both the short-term effect of toxaphene applied in 1961–62 and the longer term effect of subsequent trout stocking on invertebrates. In Chatwin Lake (higher toxaphene concentration), planktonic cladocerans decreased in abundance, and dominance quickly changed from small- to large-bodied types. Bosmina was reduced by 88% at the time of toxaphene application and was eliminated during the 1970's as invertebrate predators like Chaoborus americanus increased in response to the poor survival of stocked fish. Short-term toxic effects were not detectable in cores from Peanut Lake (lower toxaphene concentration). In both treated lakes, large invertebrates became dominant with the absence of native fish and during trout stocking. Chaoborus spp. remained at low levels throughout the 1960's in both treated lakes compared with the untreated lake, possibly due to residual toxaphene toxicity and/or to predation by stocked fish. Toxicity to total chironomids was not detected, although genera-specific responses were not analysed. While the higher toxaphene dosage caused residual toxicity in Chatwin Lake for at least a decade, the manipulation of fish communities was primarily responsible for long-term changes in the invertebrates of both lakes.

scholarly journals Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Cooper ◽  
Lynne Murray ◽  
Anji Wilson ◽  
Helena Romaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Psychodynamic Therapy ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Partum Depression ◽  
Maternal Mood ◽  
Long Term Effect

BackgroundPsychological interventions for postnatal depression can be beneficial in the short term but their longer-term impact is unknown.AimsTo evaluate the long-term effect on maternal mood of three psychological treatments in relation to routine primary care.MethodWomen with post-partum depression (n=193) were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: routine primary care, non-directive counselling, cognitive–behavioural therapy or psychodynamic therapy. They were assessed immediately after the treatment phase (at 4.5 months) and at 9, 18 and 60 months post-partum.ResultsCompared with the control, all three treatments had a significant impact at 4.5 months on maternal mood (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS). Only psychodynamic therapy produced a rate of reduction in depression (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R) significantly superior to that of the control. The benefit of treatment was no longer apparent by 9 months post-partum. Treatment did not reduce subsequent episodes of post-partum depression.ConclusionsPsychological intervention for post-partum depression improves maternal mood (EPDS) in the short term. However, this benefit is not superior to spontaneous remission in the long term.

Exercise therapy is effective at improving short- and long-term mobility, ADL and balance in older patients following hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Hulsbæk ◽  
Carsten Juhl ◽  
Alice Røpke ◽  
Thomas Bandholm ◽  
Morten Tange Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Exercise Therapy ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Moderate Effect

Abstract Background A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the short- and long-term effect of exercise therapy on physical function, independence and wellbeing in older patients following hip fracture, and secondly, whether the effect was modified by trial level characteristics such as intervention modality, duration and initiation timepoint. Methods Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL and PEDro was searched up-to November 2020. Eligibility criteria was randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of exercise therapy on physical function, independence and wellbeing in older patients following hip fracture, initiated from time of surgery up-to 1-year. Results Forty-nine studies involving 3905 participants showed a small to moderate effect of exercise therapy at short term (end of intervention) on mobility (Standardized mean difference, SMD 0.49, 95%CI 0.22-0.76); Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (SMD 0.31, 95%CI 0.16-0.46); lower limb muscle strength (SMD 0.36, 95%CI 0.13-0.60); balance (SMD 0.34, 95%CI 0.14-0.54). At long term (closest to 1-year), small to moderate effects were found for mobility (SMD 0.74, 95%CI 0.15-1.34); ADL (SMD 0.42, 95%CI 0.23-0.61); balance (SMD 0.50, 95%CI 0.07-0.94) and Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) (SMD 0.31, 95%CI 0.03-0.59). Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE ranging from moderate to very low, due to study limitation and inconsistency. Conclusion We found low certainty of evidence for a moderate effect of exercise therapy on mobility in older patients following hip fracture at end-of-treatment and follow-up. Further, low evidence was found for small to moderate short-term effect on ADL, lower limb muscle strength and balance.

A comparison of the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on the feeding behaviour of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
A.M. Sibbald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Single Meal

Voluntary food intake is generally inversely related to body condition or fatness in mature sheep (Foot, 1972). Since the intake of pelleted diets by housed sheep consists of a number of discrete feeding bouts or 'meals' (e.g. Bermudez et al., 1989), the relatively long-term effect of body condition on intake will be achieved through changes in feeding behaviour at the level of a single meal. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on meal patterns in sheep, to investigate the mechanism by which body condition influences daily food intake.

scholarly journals Low Levels of Immunoglobulins and Mannose-Binding Lectin Are Not Associated With Etiology, Severity, or Outcome in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William W Siljan ◽  
Jan C Holter ◽  
Ståle H Nymo ◽  
Einar Husebye ◽  
Thor Ueland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Short Term Outcome ◽  
Mannose Binding ◽  
Microbial Etiology ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background Disease severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depend on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism(s). We measured levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and complement in 257 hospitalized adults with CAP and examined the association of low levels of Igs or complement to microbial etiology, disease severity, and short-term and long-term outcome. Methods Serum Igs were analyzed in blood samples obtained at admission and at 6 weeks postdischarge if admission levels were low. Serum complement deficiencies were screened with a total complement activity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with further analyzes performed if justified. Disease severity was assessed by the CURB-65 severity score. Short-term outcome was defined as a composite end point of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day mortality, and long-term outcome as 5-year all-cause mortality. Results At admission, 87 (34%) patients had low levels of at least 1 Ig, with low IgG2 as the most prevalent finding (55/21%). IgG levels were lower in bacterial than viral CAP (8.48 vs 9.97 g/L, P = .023), but low Igs were not associated with microbial etiology. Fifty-five (21%) patients had low lectin pathway activity, of which 33 (13%) were mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficient. Low admission levels of any Ig or MBL were not associated with disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome. Excluding patients defined as immunocompromised from analysis did not substantially affect these results. Conclusion In hospitalized adults with CAP, low admission levels of Igs or complement were in general not associated with microbial etiology, disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome.

Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Ji-Chu Chen ◽  
Yu-Ju Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

The short‐term and the long‐term effect of primary schools and classes on mathematics and language achievement scores

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Pustjens ◽  
Eva Van de gaer ◽  
Jan Van Damme ◽  
Patrick Onghena ◽  
Georges Van Landeghem
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Language Achievement ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect

scholarly journals It's a matter of time: assessing the impact of aggressive police stops on (dis)trust in legal authority

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Robust Estimator ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Does the experience of being stopped by the police (including being stopped by the police at gunpoint) have a negative effect on trust in legal authority over time? Previous research suggests a link between negatively-experienced police stops and distrust of legal institutions. Yet, we lack clear evidence on the existence and dynamics of any putative causal effect. To address this gap, I draw on a three-wave longitudinal survey of adults who reside in São Paulo, Brazil, and examine the impact of police stops and police stops at gunpoint on three aspects of trust in legal authority (attitudinal change in perceptions of police fairness, perceptions of overpolicing, and cynicism about police protection). In the context of a multi-period difference-in-differences design, I rely on (i) a matching framework for panel data that assumes a dynamic treatment adoption to estimate short-term effects of a recent police stop (at gunpoint), and (ii) a doubly robust estimator that assumes a staggered treatment adoption to assess the long-term effects of a first experience of being stopped and questioned by police officers (at gunpoint). I conclude, overall, that it seems unlikely that general police stops damage trust in legal authority in São Paulo over time. However, a recent aggressive police stop with officers pointing a gun at the citizen does seem to have a negative short-term effect on perceived police fairness, while the first experience of a police stop at gunpoint among people with no previous contact seems to have a positive long-term effect on perceived overpolicing. This study contributes to a growing international literature that describes the social costs of aggressive policing strategies.

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