Growth Zones within the Statolith Microstructure of the Deepwater Squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae): Evidence for a Habitat Shift?

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2366-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Mantle Length ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Habitat Shift ◽  
Opaque Zone ◽  
Translucent Zone ◽  
Growth Zones ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Fish Otoliths

Within the statoliths of the onychoteuthid squid Moroteuthis ingens captured off the southeast coast and the Chatham Rise (New Zealand} between 500 and 1239 m depth, there were conspicuous zones consisting of an inner opaque and outer translucent zone; these strikingly resembled zones observed in some teleost fish otoliths. There was no relationship between the number of increments within the opaque zone among individuals of different length and age, but the width of the opaque zone was negatively related to both mantle length and age. The smallest juveniles captured in bottom trawls had a narrow translucent zone relative to the opaque zone which suggested that the translucent zone is laid down after settlement and that settlement takes place probably at or before 160 mm mantle length in this species. This study suggests that the transition observed within the statolith microstructure of M. ingens represents a habitat change from an epipelagic habitat to a demersal habitat. Evidence for the hypothesis is drawn from analogous features observed within teleost otolith microstructure and from available information on Moroteuthis and Onykia.

Age and growth of two endemic flatfish (Colistium guntheri and C. nudipinnis) in central New Zealand waters

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stevens ◽  
M. P. Francis ◽  
P. C. Shearer ◽  
R. P. McPhee ◽  
R. W. Hickman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Opaque Zone ◽  
Marginal Analysis ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Growth Zones

Brill (Colistium guntheri) and turbot (C. nudipinnis) were aged by counting opaque growth zones in whole and sectioned otoliths. Zones counts from whole otoliths under-estimated age compared with counts from thin otolith sections. Other species of flatfish that have previously been aged from whole otoliths should be re-examined for evidence of age under-estimation, which may be common in species with thick otoliths. Marginal analysis of thin sections supported the hypothesis that one translucent and one opaque zone are formed each year in brill aged 5–10-years old. Marginal analyses for brill greater than 10 years of age, and for turbot, were inconclusive. However, 2+ and 3+ captive-reared turbot deposited the expected number of opaque zones from hatching. Both species grow rapidly for the first three years of life before growth slows appreciably. Turbot grow faster and larger than brill, and females grow faster and larger than males in both species. Growth is minimal in fish older than five years. Maximum observed ages were 21 years for brill and 16 years for turbot.

Selling all good: how small new entrants can compete

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Collins ◽  
Kate Kearins ◽  
Helen Tregidga ◽  
Stephen Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Marketing Tool ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Broad Level

Synopsis Chris Morrison and two partners introduced the first Fairtrade bananas in New Zealand in a bid to improve the social and environmental impacts of banana consumption. The trio started All Good Bananas in 2010. Using social media as a key marketing tool, the startup had grown to take a 5 percent market share in a fiercely competitive industry dominated by big players. In 2012, the entrepreneurs needed to decide the best way to increase sales of ethically sourced products under the All Good brand. Should they expand their share of the banana market or diversify into drinks? Research methodology The case is primarily based on tape-recorded interviews by the authors with the founding entrepreneur and three employees of All Good from May to July 2012 and an analysis of the company’s website and social media activities. Other publicly available information sources were drawn upon, and a discussion held with a New Zealand national grocery chain CEO. Relevant courses and levels This case has been written for use in classes in undergraduate and graduate level entrepreneurship, strategic management and sustainability. The case can be used to illustrate how very small resource-constrained startups can compete in an industry dominated by large multinational corporations, and how Fairtrade might provide a worthy differentiation focus. It is open to a consideration of judo economics. While several of the questions ask students to consider the New Zealand context in which this case is set, knowledge of New Zealand and the various industries beyond what is offered in the case is not necessary. Theoretical bases At a broad level the case illustrates how a small, resource-constrained startup can compete against much, much larger players through a niche Fairtrade product focus and the use of alternative marketing strategies such as guerrilla marketing and social media. In relation to the competitive dynamics within an industry, this case can be used to illustrate the concept of judo economics (also referred to as judo strategy). Both the utility and potential limits of judo economics can be demonstrated through the case by considering current activities and potential future dynamics.

PROBING FOR STRONTIUM PATTERNS IN OTOLITHS OF COMMON BULLIES FROM THE CLUTHA RIVER, NEW ZEALAND

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MARKWITZ ◽  
B. BARRY ◽  
G. CLOSS ◽  
M. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Juvenile Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fish Otoliths ◽  
Gobiomorphus Cotidianus

Common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus, are a widespread small New Zealand freshwater fish, with a life-cycle that may include an optional juvenile marine phase. We used the strontium variation in fish otoliths in an attempt to track the life history of the individual fish since the interlayer variation reflect the exposure of fish to background environmental levels of Sr at the time of deposition. One possible mechanism by which Sr can be enriched in otoliths is by seawater, which usually has a higher Sr/Ca ratio than fresh water. Locally resolved elemental measurements with a proton microprobe enable therefore the detection of variation in Sr that may reflect single or multiple migrations of freshwater fish into seawater. The most striking feature of this study is the observation of high Sr/Ca ratios in the cores of all otoliths, including those from fish caught 50 km inland. This suggests different environments in the life cycle of common bullies in the lower reaches of the Clutha river. A marine juvenile phase may be a common feature. Preliminary area scans were used to select suitable transects for detailed line scans which gave greatly improved statistics.

Social Media and The COVID-19 Response: A Case Study of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Zarqa Shaheen Ali ◽  
Wen Jiao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
User Reviews ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Official Information

COVID-19 pandemic is spreading across the globe, causing huge losses to humans and changing people’s lifestyles. New Zealand has also suffered from this fatal virus outbreak. Social media has been used by governments from many countries for communication about COVID-19, but the research on social media used in COVID-19 remains limited. This research aims to study how the leading New Zealand business agency, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), used Facebook to disseminate COVID-19, and how businesses and the public benefitted from it. Facebook posts from MBIE published over two months from March 18, 2020, to May 12, 2020, as well as user reviews were collected and thematically analysed. Before the research was conducted, an Official Information Act request was submitted to MBIE and an approval confirmation was received for using any publicly available information released by MBIE. The findings indicate Facebook was used by MBIE as a comprehensive channel to address COVID-19, as well as being an avenue to interact with businesses and people, and businesses and people benefitted from it in multiple aspects.

PIXE ANALYSIS OF OTOLITHS FROM SEVERAL SPECIES OF TELEOST FISH

1994 ◽  
Vol 04 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOBUAKI ARAI ◽  
WATARU SAKAMOTO ◽  
KUNIKO MAEDA
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Red Sea Bream ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Fish Otoliths

In-air PIXE was used to analyze trace elements in otoliths from several species of teleost fish in order to examine the correlation between the trace elements concentrations and environmental conditions. Mn, Fe, Zn and Sr were detected accurately in the order of ppm by using the in-air PIXE. It seemed that concentrations of Sr and Zn in red sea bream otoliths increased in proportion to higher seawater temperature. In addition, there were significant differences in trace element composition between that of reared red sea bream and rockfish and that of wild ones. Preliminary results indicate that the PIXE is a powerful technique to investigate fish otoliths.

Exploring the implications of a fixed budget for new medicines: a study of reimbursement of new medicines in Australia and New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colman Taylor ◽  
Michael Wonder
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Independent Entity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Good Policy ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Published Research

Objective Spending on medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) represents the ninth largest expense to the Federal Government. A recent report by the Commission of Audit to the Federal Government suggested spending on the PBS is unsustainable and a capped budget, similar to New Zealand’s PHARMAC model, may be required to contain costs. The objective of the present study was to compare listing outcomes between Australia and New Zealand, thereby exploring the opportunity cost of a capped budget for new medicines. Methods Listing outcomes in Australia and New Zealand were compared through published research and an updated search of listing outcomes from publicly available information. Results Previous research has demonstrated that New Zealand listed less than half of the new medicines listed in Australia over a 10-year period (2000–09). Our research shows that most of the new medicines not listed in New Zealand during this period remain unlisted today. In the previous 12 months, Australia listed 17 new medicines on the PBS, whereas New Zealand listed only one new medicine that was not already listed in Australia. Conclusion The discrepancy in the number of new medicines listed in New Zealand compared with Australia raises questions regarding the consequences of implementing a capped budget for new medicines. However, further research is needed to understand the relationship between listing outcomes, access to medicines and health benefits for the community. What is known about this topic? Due to factors such as an aging population and longer life expectancy, total government health expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to rise. Consequently, many commentators have suggested current expenditure patterns are unsustainable. The PBS represents a significant expense to the government and recent reports suggest the PBS should be reformed to align with New Zealand’s PHARMAC model, where an independent entity manages access to subsidised medicines under a capped budget. However, little information exists regarding access indices for new medicines in New Zealand compared with Australia. What does this paper add? This paper builds on previously published research comparing listing outcomes for new medicines in Australia and New Zealand. The results highlight a discrepancy in listing new medicines in New Zealand compared with Australia that has not improved in recent years. Consequently, the results question the notion that a capped budget for new medicines is a good policy choice for Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper reviews the current reimbursement system in Australia and compares it with New Zealand’s PHARMAC model. In addition, this paper compares listing outcomes for new medicines in Australia and New Zealand. In doing so, the results of this paper have implications for practitioners who are concerned about continued subsidised access to new medicines via the PBS, and for policy makers in relation to proposed PBS reforms. Further, our paper provides insights into PBS policy reform that may assist practitioners who are interested in commenting on any proposed reform.

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