Changes in the Body Composition with Age of Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Craig ◽  
K. Smiley ◽  
J. A. Babaluk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Instantaneous Growth ◽  
Body Tissues

Male goldeye, Hiodon alosoides, grew faster, matured earlier, and had a shorter lifespan than females as did exploited compared with unexploited populations. Instantaneous growth rates of the body organs and tissues were usually higher in the male than in the female. The proportion of fat to the total constituents in the muscle, liver, gut, and carcase of female and the gut and carcase of male goldeye declined with age while that in the ovary increased. The proportion of protein in the body tissues and organs of both sexes remained approximately constant with age. Ash content increased in the carcase of older females and males. Glycogen concentration in the liver varied extensively and was considered as indicator of stress and unrelated to aging processes. Between the ages of 10 and 16 yr the energy content of the female soma increased by 44% whereas the energy content of the ovary increased by 121%. The ovary selected essential fatty acids at the expense of the soma.

Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: chemical composition of the body

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 102-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Gibb ◽  
W.E. Ivings ◽  
J.D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nutritional Studies

One of the major limitations in nutritional studies of lactation in dairy cows is the unknown contribution of body tissues to the energy status of the animal. Both fat and protein are thought to be mobilised in early lactation (Bauman and Elliot, 1983) when nutrient intake is insufficient to meet the demands for energy and amino acids. The present experiment investigates the effects of diet on changes in weights of chemically determined fat and crude protein (CP) in the carcass and non-carcass fractions over the first 29 weeks of lactation.Body composition was measured by serial slaughter of autumn-calving dairy cows offered grass silage (206 g CP and 18.56 MJ GE per kg DM)ad libitumand 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg DM/day of concentrate (206 g CP/kg DM)(Sutton, Aston, Beever and Fisher, 1992). Cows with post-calving live weights between 500 and 700 kg and previous lactation yields between 5000 and 7000 litres were used, and were blocked for parity and expected calving date before allocation across treatments and slaughter times. Six cows were slaughtered at 2 to 4 dayspost partum(week 0), and two from each treatment (one 2nd, and one 3rd or 4th parity) at 2, 5, 8, 11,14,19, 24 or 29weeks post partum.After slaughter the right half carcass and all other non-carcass components were frozen and minced before chemical analysis for fat, CP, ash and water. All weights were adjusted by covariance for live weightpost partumand parity. Energy content was calculated assuming values of 39.19 and 23.23 MJ/kg for fat and CP respectively.

scholarly journals NEW PERSPECTIVE OF AJA KSHEERA W.S.R TO VRUSHYA ACTIVITY - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol p6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3246-3253
Author(s):  
Manju Prasad M. K ◽  
Mamatha Sri. S ◽  
Nagendra Chary. M
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Male Hormone

Shukra dhatu is meant for procreation, its Kshaya (diminution) causes Male Infertility. Shukra dhatu is formed by the transformation of Aahara rasa (food) with the help of Agni (digestive fire). Aahara is one of three important sub pillars which supports life. Ksheera is Satmya (wholesome), and it is Dhatu Vardhaka (nourishes the body tissues), Rasayana (rejuvenation), Vajikarana / Vrushya (aphrodisiac), generally indicated in Shukra Doshas (sem- inal disorders). Aja Ksheera (Goat milk) attributes Laghu (light), Balya guna (Strength promotor) along with Deep- ana (kindles the digestive fire), Grahi Karma (absorptive) praised for its Sarva-Vyadi Hara (cures all ailments) and Shukrala karma (spermatogenic measure). It is easily digestible when compared to Goksheera (cow milk) and it is a good source of essential fatty acids such as linoleic, vitamin A, and trace elements like Zinc, Mg which are essen- tial factors for the production of sperm and male hormone. Formulations of Aja Ksheeera namely Chagaladya ghrutha, Tilagokshuradi yoga possess Vrushya property and are indicated in Nastashukra (diminution of semen), Shukra Nisarana, Shanda (impotency) conditions. The Guna Karma of Aja Ksheera along with its rich nutritive value supports the spermatogenesis thus it can be considered in the treatment of Shukrakshaya as Aahara as well Aushadha. Keywords: Aja Ksheera, Goat Milk, Vrushya, Spermatogenic, Aphrodisiac

USE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanovski ◽  
Toni Mitrovski ◽  
Viktorija Bezhovska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Working Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

Food is not just a pleasure in life, it is also an important factor for our health. Human nutrition is a mixture of nutrients, which are the only source of energy needed for survival. Energy-poor diet endangers many life functions, and above all the working ability. In the world, the meaning of the diet is very serious, and hence the demands for a –rational, healthy and safe diet are growing. Human nutrition contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be ingested in everyday diet because the body does not produce it. They are very important for human health. They are present in each cell of the human body and are an important factor for the normal growth, development and functioning of cells, muscles, nerves and organs. They are also used in the production of certain hormones - such as prostaglandins, which are crucial for the performance of certain important processes. The deficit from EFAs is due to a number of health problems, including more serious diseases.

scholarly journals 351 Awardee Talk: How retained energy and protein affects the determination of energy and protein requirements for growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract The understanding of how nutrition influences the body composition of growing animals has fascinated researchers for centuries. It involves the expertise of scientists with different areas of knowledge, encompassing the composition of the diet and its nutritive value to the fermentation and digestion of substrates to the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, and finally, to the deposition of fat, protein, and minerals in body tissues. The comparative slaughter technique is the preferred method to assess the body composition of growing and finishing animals. However, the methodological procedures are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming, facilitating the incidence of errors and inconsistencies of the measurements that are collected, including the initial animal’s body composition. First, retained fat and protein (RP) are used to compute retained energy (RE). Then, RP and RE are used to compute protein and energy requirements for growth. Heat production, calculated from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake for animals at maintenance, is used to compute maintenance requirements. Three areas of concern exist for this approach: 1) the efficiencies of possible mobilization of fat and protein tissues during the feeding period are unaccounted for, especially for the animals fed near the maintenance level of intake; 2) the correlation between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE is higher than when using observed RE (0.939 vs. 0.679); and 3) the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of ME for growth using the proportion of RE deposited as protein — carcass approach — versus using the concentration of ME of the diet — diet approach. These concerns raised questions about the interdependency between predicted RP and RE and the existence of internal offsetting errors that may prevent overall adequacy in predicting energy and protein requirements of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Batch spawning facilitates transfer of an essential nutrient from diet to eggs in a marine fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 20130593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Fuiman ◽  
Cynthia K. Faulk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Diet Shift ◽  
Spawning Site ◽  
Batch Spawning

Fatty acid composition of eggs affects development, growth and ecological performance of fish embryos and larvae, with potential consequences for recruitment success. Essential fatty acids in eggs derive from the maternal diet, and the time between ingestion and deposition in eggs is ecologically important but unknown. We examined the dynamics of diet–egg transfer of arachidonic acid (ARA) in the batch-spawning fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), by measuring ARA concentrations in eggs after a single diet shift and during a period of irregular variations in diet. ARA concentrations in eggs changed within 2–16 days of a diet shift. The rate of change was proportional to the magnitude of the shift, with no evidence of equilibration. These results are not consistent with eggs being assembled entirely from accumulated body stores. The immediate source of ARA in eggs appears to be the recent diet. We propose that batch spawning produces rapid diet–egg transfer of ARA because it removes large amounts of fatty acids from the body and prevents equilibration. The immediacy of the diet–egg connection suggests that spawning migration combined with short-interval batch spawning may have evolved to take advantage of nutrients critical for offspring survival that are available at the spawning site.

Utilisation of the end products of ruminant digestion

1957 ◽  
Vol 1957 ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
End Products

The work of the late Sir Joseph Barcroft and his collaborators (see Elsden & Phillipson, 1948) left little doubt that, in ruminants, the end products of the bacterial dissimilation of dietary carbohydrate included large amounts of the steam-volatile fatty acids—acetic, propionic and butyric acids. More recently, el Shazly (1952a, b) has shown that the steam-volatile fatty acids also arise together with ammonia during the bacterial breakdown of amino-acids in the rumen. Studies by Pfander & Phillipson (1953) and Schambye (1955) further indicate that the acids are absorbed from the digestive tract in amounts that suggest they make a major contribution to the energy requirement of the animal. Quantitative data relative to the amounts absorbed, however, are difficult to obtain. Carroll & Hungate (1954) have calculated that in cattle some 6,000-12,000 Cal. of energy are available from the acids produced by fermentation in the rumen. With sheep, Phillipson & Cuthbertson (1956) have calculated from the results of Schambye (1951a, b; 1955) that at least 600-1,200 Cal. of energy in the form of steam-volatile fatty acids could be absorbed every 24 hrs. Since the fasting heat production of the steer is about 6,500 Cal./24 hrs. and that of the sheep about 1,100 Cal./24 hrs. it is clear that if the fatty acids can be utilised efficiently by the body tissues, they could make a major contribution to the energy requirements, at least those for maintenance.

Lipid role in the immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Rebecca Guenard ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Members ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The essential fatty acids react with enzymes to produce a group of compounds known as specialized pro-resolving mediators, or SPMs. Researchers continually discover new members of the four groups of precursors that comprise the SPM family, called lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These stereospecific molecules shut down inflammation and restore the body to homeostasis, a mechanism researchers are targeting for treatment as an alternative to anti-inflammatory pathways.

Effect of Growth Rate on Mineral Retention and Body Composition of Growing Lambs

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 102-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wan Zahari ◽  
J K Thompson ◽  
D Scott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fast Rate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secondary Objective

The effects of plane of nutrition on the body composition of growing sheep are very apparent when animals are compared at the same age following different nutritional histories. These differences are, however, less obvious when animals of the same breed and sex are compared at the same body weight and at present there is some conjecture whether composition is affected by growth rate. This uncertainty is not limited to fat and protein but includes the bone and ash, fraction and the ash composition.The primary objective of this trial was to study the effects of different growth rates achieved by feeding different amounts of the same concentrate diet on the composition of empty-body gain and on the retention of minerals by growing lambs. A secondary objective was to examine the effect of adding supplementary calcium carbonate to the basal diet at the fast rate of growth.

In vivo assessment of body composition and growth potential of modern broiler using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (16) ◽  
pp. 1959
Author(s):  
Camila Angelica Gonçalves ◽  
Nilva Kazue Sakomura ◽  
Miryelle Freire Sarcinelli ◽  
Letícia Graziele Pacheco ◽  
Letícia Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Growing Period

Context Genetic improvements in modern strains have led to continuous increments in broiler growth rates, which, as a consequence, have resulted in higher economic returns for broiler producers over the last decades. Aim The present study was conducted to characterise the potential growth of the body and feathers of Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308 male and female broilers, as well as to assess the changes in chemical composition that occur up to 16 weeks of age. Methods Birds were fed isoenergetic diets divided in four phases and formulated to marginally exceed the nutritional requirements of the strains throughout the growing period. They were maintained in a controlled environment so as not to limit growth. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner was used to follow the in vivo body composition of 12 broilers of each strain and sex (total of 72 broilers), and the feather weight and composition was determined in four birds of each strain and sex selected at intervals during the growing period (total of 288 broilers) through comparative slaughter with later chemical analysis. Key results Parameters of Gompertz growth curve to describe the strains were estimated for body and feather weight as well as for the growth of their chemical components. Conclusion Differences in the growth rates between strains were evident, indicating the possible differences in selection methods used by geneticists in the different breeding companies. These genetic parameters would explain part of the variation on broiler´s performance which impacts on the way they should be fed and housed during growth. Implications The accurate description of genetic growth potential is useful information to be associated with factorial models that predict nutritional and feed intake requirements of birds. The main advantage of DXA technology is to decrease the variation of body deposition on the Gompertz model, resulting from the use of the same bird throughout its life. Despite the speed of obtaining chemical values of the body, the method is unsuitable for measuring the growth of feathers, which is also important data to be collected and related to the broiler strains.

Growth and development of pigs: a reanalysis of the effects of nutrition on body composition

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Poor Nutrition

SUMMARYSelected data of McMeekan (1940, 1941) were reanalysed to compare the proportions and distribution of tissues, and the weights of some organs, in pigs growing at different growth rates due to differing levels of nutrition. The effects of variation in fat content were excluded, and the distribution of tissues was compared at the same total weight for each tissue, by allometric regressions. Except for components of the head and neck, and the stomach, the results do not support a concept of retardation of development by poor nutrition of those parts of the body with the highest relative growth rates.

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