Acid Deposition and Nutrient Leaching from Deciduous Vegetation and Podzolic Soils at the Turkey Lakes Watershed

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (S1) ◽  
pp. s96-s100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Foster ◽  
J. A. Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed ◽  
A Minor

Mean annual ion concentrations and ion fluxes in precipitation induced by contact with a maple–birch forest and soil were determined for 1981–85 at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (47°03′N, 84°15′W). Neutralization of atmospherically deposited H+ was effected by the canopy and mineral soil. Sulphate was an important counter-ion for K+ leached from the vegetation. Acid deposition had a minor impact on the quality of stemflow and forest floor percolate, which were enriched in K+ and Ca2+ mobilized in association with organic anions. Calcium and Mg2+ were leached from the mineral soil in association with SO42− and NO3−. Sulphate was derived largely from acid deposition, and NO3− from both precipitation and nitrification of native soil N.

Relationships between net nitrogen mineralization, properties of the forest floor and mineral soil, and wood production in Pinus radiata plantations

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Clive Carlyle ◽  
EK Sadanandan Nambiar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Total N

We examined the relationship between net nitrogen (N) mineralization (subsequently termed N mineralization) in the forest floor and mineral soil (0–0.15 m) of 20 Pinus radiata D. Don plantations ranging in age from 23 to 59 years, how mineralization was influenced by soil properties, and its relationship to wood production. Forest floor properties had a narrower relative range than the same set of mineral soil properties. Total N in the litter layer was 5.0–9.5 g·kg–1 compared with 0.23–2.53 g·kg–1 in mineral soil. Laboratory rates of net N mineralization ranged between 1.1 and 9.7 mg·kg–1·day–1 in forest floor and between 0.02 and 0.53 mg·kg–1·day–1 in mineral soil. The range in litter lignin (35.3–48.0%) was especially narrow, despite the large range in stand productivity. Nitrogen mineralized in the forest floor was not correlated with any of the measured forest floor or mineral soil properties. Nitrogen mineralized per unit mineral soil N (ksn) was negatively correlated with the mineral soil N to organic phosphorus ratio (N/Po) (r2 = 0.82). In mineral soil a relationship combining N/Po and total N concentration explained 90% of the variation in N mineralized. Nitrogen mineralized in the forest floor was correlated with that mineralized in the mineral soil when expressed per unit C or N (r2 = 0.54 or 0.57, respectively). Thus, the quality of organic matter in the forest floor partly reflected the quality of organic matter in the mineral soil with respect to N mineralization. Mineralization in mineral soil dominated the net N available to the stand. For sandy soils, wood production (m3·ha–1·year–1) was correlated with N mineralized in the forest floor + mineral soil (r2 = 0.71). In P. radiata stands growing in southern Australia, rates of wood production per unit N mineralized and per unit rainfall appear to be substantially higher than those of a wide range of natural and planted stands in North America.

Cycling of acid and base cations in deciduous stands of Huntington Forest, New York, and Turkey Lakes, Ontario

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.W. Foster ◽  
M.J. Mitchell ◽  
I.K. Morrison ◽  
J.P. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed ◽  
Dominant Cation

Annual nutrient fluxes within two forests exposed to acidic deposition were compared for a 1-year period. Calcium (Ca2+) was the dominant cation in throughfall and soil solutions from tolerant hardwood dominated Spodosols (Podzols) at both Huntington Forest (HF), New York, and the Turkey Lakes watershed (TLW), Ontario. There was a net annual export of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the TLW soil, whereas base cation inputs in precipitation equaled outputs at HF. In 1986, leaching losses of base cations were five times greater at TLW than at HF. A higher percentage of the base cation reserves was leached from the soil at TLW (5%) than at HF (1%). Relative to throughfall, aluminum concentrations increased in forest-floor and mineral-soil solutions, especially at HF. The TLW soil appears more sensitive to soil acidification. Deposited atmospheric acidity, however, was small in comparison with native soil acidity (total and exchangeable) and the reserves of base cations in each soil. Soil acidity and base saturation, therefore, are likely only to change slowly.

Nutrient cycling in Huntington Forest and Turkey Lakes deciduous stands: nitrogen and sulfur

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Mitchell ◽  
N.W. Foster ◽  
J.P. Shepard ◽  
I.K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed

Biogeochemical cycling of S and N was quantified at two hardwood sites (Turkey Lakes watershed (TLW) and Huntington Forest (HF)) that have sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) as the major overstory component and are underlain by Spodosols (Podzols). TLW and HF are located in central Ontario (Canada) and the Adirondack Mountains of New York (U.S.A), respectively. Major differences between the TLW and HF sites included stand age (300 and 100 years for TLW and HF, respectively), age of dominant trees (150–300 and 100 years for TLW and HF, respectively), and the presence of American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) at HF as well as lower inputs of SO42− and NO3− (differences of 99 and 31 mol ion charge (molc)•ha−1•year−1, respectively) at TLW. There was an increase in concentration of SO42− and NO3− after passage through the canopy at both sites. A major difference in the anion chemistry of the soil solution between the sites was the much greater leaching of NO3− at TLW compared with HF (1300 versus 18 molc•ha−1•year−1, respectively). At HF, but not TLW, there was a marked increase in SO42− flux (217 molc•ha−1•year−1) when water leached from the forest floor through the mineral soil. The mineral soil was the largest pool (>80%) of N and S for both sites. The mineral soil of TLW had a C:N ratio of 16:1, which is much narrower than the 34:1 ratio at HF. This former ratio should favor accumulation of NH44+ and NO3− and subsequent NO3− leaching. Laboratory measurements suggest that the forest floor of TLW may have higher N mineralization rates than HF. Fluxes of N and S within the vegetation were generally similar at both sites, except that net requirement of N at TLW was substantially lower (difference of 9.4 kg N•ha−1•year−1). The higher NO3− leaching from TLW compared with HF may be attributed mostly to stand maturity coupled with tree mortality, but the absence of slow decomposing beech leaf litter and lower C:N ratio in the soil of the former site may also be contributing factors.

Nitrogen dynamics in conifer-dominated forests with and without hardwoods

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1434-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Perry ◽  
C. Choquette ◽  
P. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil N Mineralization ◽  
Leaf Litterfall ◽  
Uniform Area

Nitrogen and carbon in the surface 12 cm of mineral soil, N in leaf litterfall, anaerobic N mineralization rates in the soil and forest floor, and root and N accretion to sand traps placed in surface soil layers were compared in forests with hardwoods either completely or partially removed during a conifer thinning 3 years before. An adjacent unthinned conifer–hardwood stand was also included. Conifer stocking did not differ between thinned stands with and without hardwoods. Stands without hardwoods averaged 520 kg/ha more N in mineral soil (p < 0.001), 20% more N mineralized from soil during 7-day incubations (p < 0.001), and lower soil C:N ratio (p = 0.02) than stands with hardwoods. These variables did not differ between thinned and unthinned mixed stands. Soil N did not correlate with the number of hardwoods removed. Weight of forest floor and rate of N mineralization from the forest floor did not differ between mixed and pure stands. However, stands with hardwoods returned about 10 kg•ha−1•year−1 more N in leaf litter (due to higher N concentration in conifer litter as well as the presence of high-N hardwood litter); stands without hardwoods accreted about 10 kg•ha−1•year−1 more N in sand traps. Soil N mineralization in mixed stands correlated positively with N mineralization in the forest floor but not with N accretion to sand traps, while the opposite was true in pure conifer stands. Although pretreatment variability among stands cannot be ruled out, the replicated treatments within a relatively uniform area make it appear likely that differences were related to the presence or absence of hardwoods. This was not a simple additive effect, however, but a community-level phenomenon, that is, conifers cycled N differently when mixed with hardwoods than when in pure stands.

Helicopter Liming to Help Restore Acidified Forest Soil Productivity 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin McCavour ◽  
Shannon Sterling ◽  
Kevin Keys ◽  
Edmund Halfyard
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Chemical Response

&lt;p&gt;Decades of acid deposition across northeastern North America has caused excess leaching of soil base cations (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) and increases in bioavailable aluminum (Al&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) that, in combination, have resulted in widespread decreases in potential forest productivity. Despite major reductions in SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions since the 1990s, forest soils across the region have shown few signs of recovery from acid deposition impacts and it could take decades or centuries for natural recovery to occur. As a result, affected forests are stressed, less productive, and more prone to climate change-induced damage. Helicopter liming of upland forests may be an effective way to jump-start the soil recovery process. Here we report on early results (one-year) from a helicopter liming trial in Nova Scotia, Canada where 10 tonnes/ha of dolomitic limestone was applied to approximately 8 ha of mature red spruce (&lt;em&gt;Picea rubens&lt;/em&gt;) and mature tolerant hardwood (&lt;em&gt;Acer spp&lt;/em&gt;. and &lt;em&gt;Betula spp.&lt;/em&gt;) forest. Data are presented on (i) the effectiveness of helicopter liming in forests; (ii) the initial chemical response of forest floor organic and mineral soil horizons; and (iii) the initial chemical response of red spruce foliage, maple foliage, and ground vegetation. Preliminary results showed that despite non-uniform lime distribution, there were significant increases (&lt;em&gt;P &lt;/em&gt;&lt; 0.05) in Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, pH, and base saturation (BS), and significant decreases in total acidity in forest floor organic horizons in both the mature red spruce and tolerant hardwood stands; however, there were no significant changes in Al&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;. The initial chemical response in sugar maple and red spruce foliage showed significant increases in the Ca/Al molar ratio . &amp;#160;The initial response in ground vegetation (Schreber&amp;#8217;s moss; &lt;em&gt;Pleurozium schreberi &lt;/em&gt;and wood fern; &lt;em&gt;Dryopteris intermedia&lt;/em&gt;) showed significant increases in Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and decreases in K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; for both species; however, Schreber&amp;#8217;s moss also showed significant increases in Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Al&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; while wood fern did not. These early chemical results are promising and further support the use of helicopter liming as an effective tool to combat lingering effects from acid deposition in acidified forests.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen stocks in Norwegian forest soils — the importance of soil formation, climate, and vegetation type for organic matter accumulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1459-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Tau Strand ◽  
Ingeborg Callesen ◽  
Lise Dalsgaard ◽  
Heleen A. de Wit
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
C And N

Relationships between soil C and N stocks and soil formation, climate, and vegetation were investigated in a gridded database connected to the National Forest Inventory in Norway. For mineral soil orders, C and N stocks were estimated to be 11.1–19.3 kg C·m−2 and 0.41–0.78 kg N·m−2, respectively, declining in the following order: Gleysols > Podzols > Brunisols > Regosols. Organic peat-type soils stored, on average, 31.3 kg C·m−2 and 1.10 kg N·m−2, whereas shallow Organic folisols stored, on average, 10.2 kg C·m−2 and 0.34 kg N·m−2. For Norway’s 120 000 km2 of forest, the total of soil C stocks was estimated to be 1.83 Gt C, with a 95% CI of 1.71–1.95 Gt C. Podzolic soils comprise the largest soil group and store approximately 50% of the forest soil C. Sixty percent of the soil C stock in Podzolic soils was stored in the mineral soil, increasing with temperature and precipitation. Poorly drained soil types store approximately 47% of the total forest soil C in Norway. Soils with water saturation have large C stocks mainly in the forest floor, suggesting that they are more susceptible to forest management and environmental change. Soil C stocks under pine and spruce forests were similar, although pine forests had larger C stocks in the forest floor, while spruce forests had the highest C stocks in the mineral soil compartment. C stocks in the forest floor increase from dry to moist ground vegetation, while ground vegetation nutrient classes reflect better the C and N stocks in the mineral soil.

Relationships between soil organic matter and forest productivity in western Oregon and Washington

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Edmonds ◽  
H.N. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C And N ◽  
Washington Cascades

Mineral soil and forest floor C and N contents were determined in 154 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stands in western Oregon and Washington ranging in age from 16 to 64 years. Relationships between site index and mineral soil and forest floor C, N, and C/N ratios were examined. Douglas-fir data were analyzed by geographic province (Puget Sound, Washington Cascades, Oregon Cascades, coastal Washington, coastal Oregon, and southwest Oregon). Average mineral soil C in Douglas-fir stands ranged from 102 Mg/ha to 177 Mg/ha in Puget Sound and Washington Cascades provinces, respectively. Soil N ranged from 3708 kg/ha in Puget Sound province to 9268 kg/ha in the Washington Cascade province. Western hemlock data were analyzed in three provinces (Washington Cascades, coastal Washington, and coastal Oregon). Average mineral soil C in western hemlock stands ranged from 241 Mg/ha in the Washington Cascades to 309 Mg/ha in coastal Washington and was higher than Douglas-fir mineral soil C. Western hemlock mineral soil N was also higher than Douglas-fir mineral soil N ranging from 10 495 kg/ha in the Washington Cascades to 15 216 kg/ha in coastal Oregon. Forest floor C and N contents were also higher in western hemlock than Douglas-fir stands. Nonlinear regression analysis revealed a weak positive relationship between site index and total mineral soil C in Douglas-fir (r2 = 0.19). A similar relationship was observed between Douglas-fir site index and total soil N (r2 = 0.19). Relationships were weak because of the large variability in mineral soil C and N within as well as across provinces. Maximum Douglas-fir site indexes occurred across a broad plateau of mineral soil and forest floor C/N ratios ranging from 15–25 and 35–45, respectively. Minimum site indexes also occurred in these C/N ranges. No increase in Douglas-fir productivity occurred above mineral soil C levels of 125 Mg/ha. There were no relationships between site index and mineral soil C and N or C/N ratios in western hemlock stands.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Protease Activity in Forest Floor of Norway Spruce Stand

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
Ladislav Holik ◽  
Jiří Volánek ◽  
Valerie Vranová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Chlorocholine Chloride ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Transformation Processes

Soil proteases are involved in organic matter transformation processes and, thus, influence ecosystem nutrient turnovers. Phytohormones, similarly to proteases, are synthesized and secreted into soil by fungi and microorganisms, and regulate plant rhizosphere activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of auxins, cytokinins, ethephon, and chlorocholine chloride on spruce forest floor protease activity. It was concluded that the presence of auxins stimulated native proteolytic activity, specifically synthetic auxin 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (16% increase at added quantity of 5 μg) and naturally occurring indole-3-acetic acid (18%, 5 μg). On the contrary, cytokinins, ethephon and chlorocholine chloride inhibited native soil protease activity, where ethephon (36% decrease at 50 μg) and chlorocholine chloride (34%, 100 μg) showed the highest inhibitory effects. It was concluded that negative phytohormonal effects on native proteolytic activity may slow down organic matter decomposition rates and hence complicate plant nutrition. The study enhances the understanding of rhizosphere exudate effects on soil microbial activity and soil nitrogen cycle.

Shareholder risk-taking incentives in the presence of contingent capital

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Fatouh ◽  
Ayowande A. McCunn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to present a model of shareholders’ willingness to exert effort to reduce the likelihood of bank distress and the implications of the presence of contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds in the liabilities structure of a bank. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a basic model about the moral hazard surrounding shareholders willingness to exert effort that increases the likelihood of a bank’s success. This study uses a one-shot game and so do not capture the effects of repeated interactions. Findings Consistent with the existing literature, this study shows that the direction of the wealth transfer at the conversion of CoCo bonds determines their impact on shareholder risk-taking incentives. This study also finds that “anytime” CoCos (CoCo bonds trigger-able anytime at the discretion of managers) have a minor advantage over regular CoCo bonds, and that quality of capital requirements can reduce the risk-taking incentives of shareholders. Practical implications This study argues that shareholders can also use manager-specific CoCo bonds to reduce the riskiness of the bank activities. The issuance of such bonds can increase the resilience of individual banks and the whole banking system. Regulators can use restrictions on conversion rates and/or requirements on the quality of capital to address the impact of CoCo bonds issuance on risk-taking incentives. Originality/value To model the risk-taking incentives, authors generally modify the asset processes to introduce components that reflect asymmetric information between CoCo holders and shareholders and/or managers. This paper follows a simpler method similar to that of Holmström and Tirole (1998).

Nitrogen storage and availability during stand development in a New Zealand Nothofagus forest

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Clinton ◽  
R B Allen ◽  
M R Davis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Nitrogen Storage ◽  
Nothofagus Forest ◽  
Mature Stands

Stemwood production, N pools, and N availability were determined in even-aged (10, 25, 120, and >150-year-old) stands of a monospecific mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole) forest in New Zealand recovering from catastrophic canopy disturbance brought about by windthrow. Nitrogen was redistributed among stemwood biomass, coarse woody debris (CWD), the forest floor, and mineral soil following disturbance. The quantity of N in stemwood biomass increased from less than 1 kg/ha in seedling stands (10 years old) to ca. 500 kg/ha in pole stands (120 years old), but decreased in mature stands (>150 years old). In contrast, the quantity of N stored in CWD declined rapidly with stand development. Although the mass of N stored in the forest floor was greatest in the pole stands and least in the mature stands, N availability in the forest floor did not vary greatly with stand development. The mass of N in the mineral soil (0–100 mm depth) was also similar for all stands. Foliar N concentrations, net N mineralization, and mineralizable N in the mineral soil (0–100 mm depth) showed similar patterns with stage of stand development, and indicated that N availability was greater in sapling (25 years old) and mature stands than in seedling and pole stands. We conclude that declining productivity in older stands is associated more with reductions in cation availability, especially calcium, than N availability.

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