scholarly journals Larval Size and Recruitment Mechanisms in Fishes: Toward a Conceptual Framework

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1657-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Miller ◽  
Larry B. Crowder ◽  
James A. Rice ◽  
Elizabeth A. Marschall
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Fisheries Science ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Understanding the mechanisms controlling recruitment in fishes is a major problem in fisheries science. Although the literature on recruitment mechanisms is large and growing rapidly, it is primarily species specific. There is no conceptual framework to integrate the existing information on larval fish ecology and its relationship to survival and recruitment. In this paper, we propose an integrating framework based on body size. Although all larval fish are small relative to adult fish, total length at hatching differs among species by an order of magnitude. As many of the factors critical to larval survival and growth are size dependent, substantially different expectations arise about which mechanisms might be most important to recruitment success. We examined the evidence for the importance of size to feeding and starvation, to activity and searching ability, and to risk of predation. Regressions based on data from 72 species of marine and freshwater species suggest that body size is an important factor that unifies many of the published observations. A conceptual framework based on body size has the potential to provide a useful integration of the available data on larval growth and survival and a focus for future studies of recruitment dynamics.

scholarly journals Maternally transmitted isotopes and their effects on larval fish: a validation of dual isotopic marks within a meta-analysis context

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danswell Starrs ◽  
Jacqueline T. Davis ◽  
Jodie Schlaefer ◽  
Brendan C. Ebner ◽  
Stephen M. Eggins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

Transgenerational marking enables mass-marking of larval fishes via transmission of enriched stable isotopes from mother to offspring, but potential impacts on the resultant progeny are poorly understood. We injected enriched stable isotopes (137Ba and87Sr) into female purple-spotted gudgeon, Mogurnda adspersa, to produce multiple batch markers and examined larval morphology at hatch as well as survival and growth to 31 days posthatch in marked and unmarked offspring. Transgenerational marking had minimal effects on larval growth and survival, whereas body depth at hatch was significantly reduced in marked larvae. A meta-analysis of transgenerational marking effects on larval morphology at hatch and growth rates across multiple fish species found a nonsignificant positive effect of enriched stable barium isotopes on larval morphology at hatch, but a significant negative effect on growth. There were no significant effects of strontium on morphology or growth. Meta-regression analysis revealed that larval size at hatch increased with the dose of injected stable barium isotopes, but this result should be interpreted cautiously. Because of high levels of between-study heterogeneity, we caution against assuming there are no effects of transgenerational marking on fish offspring; any such effects should be validated and incorporated into transgenerational marking studies of fish dispersal.

Relationship of larval density and heterozygosity to growth and survival of juvenile marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Chazal ◽  
John D. Krenz ◽  
David E. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Ambystoma Opacum ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Marbled Salamander ◽  
Relationship Of

Intraspecific competition and enzyme variability have been observed to influence the bioenergetics of many organisms. In amphibians, larval growth affects body size at metamorphosis, which in turn can lead to differences in adult survival and fecundity. We manipulated larval density in a population of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, and measured body size and enzyme variability in surviving newly metamorphosed juveniles. Crowded larval conditions resulted in lower survival and smaller body sizes at metamorphosis. Multilocus heterozygosity showed no relation to body size at high larval densities; however, at low larval densities relatively homozygous animals were larger. There was a significant interaction between heterozygosity and larval density in their effects on larval traits. Competition had a greater effect on body size at metamorphosis than did heterozygosity. Survival may be enhanced by heterozygosity but in a manner unrelated to body size.

scholarly journals Kombinasi pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan Lele Sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Risaldo Tjodi ◽  
Ockstan J Kalesaran ◽  
Juliaan Ch Watung
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival

This study aimed to determine the best combination of feed on the growth and survival of larval fish catfish (Clarias gariepinus). This study  used completely randomized with six treatments including treatment A: Artemia, B: Tubifex C: Pellet, D:  combination of (50%) Artemia + (50%) Tubifex, E:  combination of (50%) Artemia + (50%) Pellet, and      F:  combination of (50%) Tubifex + (50%) Pellet. Each treatment consisted of three replications. The result showed that the combination of  50% artemia + 50% tubifex could promote the growth length of larvae of 4,003 cm, weight of larval of 0.633 g,  and larval survival was 79%.  This combination was the best combination for the growth and survival of catfish larvae.   Keywords: Combination of feed, Clarias gariepinus, larvae, growth, survival

scholarly journals Can behavioural ecology unite hypotheses for fish recruitment?

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Jørgensen ◽  
Anders Frugård Opdal ◽  
Øyvind Fiksen
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Larval Behaviour ◽  
Fish Recruitment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Abstract Since the classical works by Hjort linked the survival of early life stages of fish to year-class strength and recruitment, fisheries science has struggled to understand the fate of fish eggs and larvae. Here we discuss how food availability will influence growth and survival of larvae when foraging behaviour is flexible and involves predation risk. We use theory to show that small larval fish with a high risk of predation should nevertheless forage intensely and maintain high growth rates. The implication of this is that food availability is more important to recruitment success than is often assumed from studies of growth rate, since the main effect of low food availability appears as increased predation rates. As larvae develop and grow bigger, they are expected to tailor their behaviour to balance food intake and predation risk, which makes it more probable that environmental fluctuations will cause growth differences. A theoretical framework including larval behaviour thus illustrates how several existing hypotheses, i.e. “bigger is better”, “stage duration”, and “growth-selective predation”, emphasize different aspects of larval success but can be understood more generally and coherently when interpreted in the light of behavioural trade-offs. This may lead to more consistent consideration of larval behaviour in biophysical models of fish recruitment.

The effects of temperature on larval size in the western king prawn, Penaeus (Melicertus) latisulcatus Kishinouye, from Spencer Gulf, South Australia: implications for fishery management

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 976 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Rodgers ◽  
S. D. Roberts ◽  
C. D. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Antenna Length ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Time Of Year

Temperature, salinity and food availability are generally considered to have the most influence on larval growth and survival in penaeid species. Larval size has previously been used as a measure of animal quality in a range of crustacean species. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of temperature (17°C, 20°C, 22.5°C and 25°C) on stage-specific larval size in Penaeus latisulcatus collected from the Spencer Gulf, in South Australia. Five different measurements of larval size were assessed: body length, body width, antenna length, carapace length and abdomen length. Results showed that larval growth rate was dependant on temperature, with growth rate greater at higher temperatures. Despite this, larvae reared at 20°C reached the largest size, while those at the temperature extremes (17°C and 25°C) were smallest. When considering average annual temperature, the spawning time that would most likely maximise larval size in the Spencer Gulf is approximately December. This coincides with current management arrangements for the fishery that protect the spawning biomass at this time of year.

scholarly journals Recent advances in fish hatchery management

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald P. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Egg Quality ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Induced Spawning ◽  
Fish Diets ◽  
Brood Fish

The advancement of aquaculture has often been bottlenecked because of the lack of seed, but once that bottleneck was overcome there was rapid growth. Recent examples of advances in hatchery technology leading to increased production are sea bream and Pangasius. Three areas contributing to the advancement of hatchery management are: brood stock management, induced spawning and larval feeding. Formulated diets have been developed for marine brood fish that are equal or better than the traditional raw fish diets. The importance of lipids and their composition in brood fish diets, particularly n-3 HUFAs has received much attention. The lipid composition of the brood diet is reflected in egg composition and egg quality. Protein quantity and quality in brood diets also impacts reproductive success and egg quality. The use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) given as an injection or a slow release implant for induced spawning is becoming more widely used. The addition of dopamine antagonists with GnRHa may not be necessary to successfully induce spawn some species of fish. The use of GnRHa can advance the maturation of oocytes allowing such fish to be successfully induced spawned. Significant advances have been made in the development of formulated microdiets for larval fish. Such microdiets have been used successfully with young larvae reducing the need for live foods such as artemia. The quality of both live foods and formulated diets has been enriched with the use of fatty acids. Not only the quantity of n-3 HUFAs added to a diet impacts larval growth and survival but the ratios of specific n-3 HUFAs has an impact. Enrichment of live foods with amino acids can also improve larval fish growth and survival.

scholarly journals Lunar rhythms in growth of larval fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1942) ◽  
pp. 20202609
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Shima ◽  
Craig W. Osenberg ◽  
Erik G. Noonburg ◽  
Suzanne H. Alonzo ◽  
Stephen E. Swearer
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Larval Fishes ◽  
Diel Vertical Migrations ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke

Growth and survival of larval fishes is highly variable and unpredictable. Our limited understanding of this variation constrains our ability to forecast population dynamics and effectively manage fisheries. Here we show that daily growth rates of a coral reef fish (the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke ) are strongly lunar-periodic and predicted by the timing of nocturnal brightness: growth was maximized when the first half of the night was dark and the second half of the night was bright. Cloud cover that obscured moonlight facilitated a ‘natural experiment’, and confirmed the effect of moonlight on growth. We suggest that lunar-periodic growth may be attributable to light-mediated suppression of diel vertical migrations of predators and prey. Accounting for such effects will improve our capacity to predict the future dynamics of marine populations, especially in response to climate-driven changes in nocturnal cloud cover and intensification of artificial light, which could lead to population declines by reducing larval survival and growth.

Predation by Jellyfish on Larval Fish: An Experimental Evaluation Employing in situ Enclosures

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves de Lafontaine ◽  
W. C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Jellyfish Species

Large in situ enclosures were used to investigate the mortality of yolk-sac larval capelin (Mallotus villosus) by four species of jellyfish predators. Daily instantaneous larval mortality increased linearly with predator density but was independent of initial larval density, indicating a linear functional response of the four jellyfish species. The addition of alternative prey did not modify the linearity of the functional response and did not significantly reduce or increase larval mortality imposed by two jellyfish species. The evidence of a linear response in large enclosures contrasts with the curvilinear (Type II) response previously reported in studies conducted in small laboratory containers. Larval mortality was strongly dependent on predator size within jellyfish species and increased with initial larval size. Larval capelin appeared more susceptible to predation at the time of transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. Daily larval mortality rates due to predation varied between 0.015 and 1.58 depending on jellyfish species and appeared more strongly determined by body mass than differences in feeding appendages of jellyfish. Our results indicate that reduced larval mortality to jellyfish predation is achievable only by timing larval release in water mass where jellyfish numbers are naturally reduced. We estimated that macro invertebrate predation has the potential of being the primary regulator of larval survival and we hypothesized that large intra- and interannual variation in larval survival may be due to the variability in the emergence timing of capelin larvae relative to the growth trajectory of jellyfish.

scholarly journals Disrupting butterfly caterpillar microbiomes does not impact their survival and development

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1917) ◽  
pp. 20192438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kruttika Phalnikar ◽  
Krushnamegh Kunte ◽  
Deepa Agashe
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
And Control ◽  
Butterfly Larvae

Associations with gut microbes are believed to play crucial roles in the physiology, immune function, development and behaviour of insects. However, microbiome sequencing has recently suggested that butterflies are an anomaly, because their microbiomes do not show strong host- and developmental stage-specific associations. We experimentally manipulated butterfly larval gut microbiota and found that disrupting gut microbes had little influence on larval survival and development. Larvae of the butterflies Danaus chrysippus and Ariadne merione that fed on chemically sterilized or antibiotic-treated host plant leaves had significantly reduced bacterial loads, and their gut bacterial communities were disrupted substantially. However, neither host species treated this way suffered a significant fitness cost: across multiple experimental blocks, treated and control larvae had similar survival, growth and development. Furthermore, re-introducing microbes from the excreta of control larvae did not improve larval growth and survival. Thus, these butterfly larvae did not appear to rely on specialized gut bacteria for digestion, detoxification, biomass accumulation and metamorphosis. Our experiments thus show that dependence on gut bacteria for growth and survival is not a universal phenomenon across insects. Our findings also caution that strategies which target gut microbiomes may not always succeed in controlling Lepidopteran pests.

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