Influence of Water Hardness, pH, and Alkalinity on the Mechanisms of Copper Toxicity in Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1488-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
High Alkalinity

Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to 25–400 μg copper∙L−1 for 24 h. Water hardness, pH, and alkalinity were varied independently at a constant [Na+]. Net and unidirectional sodium fluxes were measured in hard and soft, low-alkalinity water and in hard, high-alkalinity water at neutral pH and pH 5.0. In low alkalinity water, Na+ uptake (Jin) was inhibited at copper concentrations as low as 25 μg∙L−1, and sodium efflux (Jout) was stimulated above 100 μg∙L−1. High-alkalinity water significantly reduced the effects of copper on Jin and Jout, but there was no significant effect of increasing water hardness. The effects of pH 5.0 and copper were additive from 25 to 100 μg∙L−1, but a pure copper effect was found from 200 to 400 μg∙L−1. Fish died when they had lost about 50–55% of their exchangeable Na+ pool. Water hardness and alkalinity had no effect on the apparent uptake of copper, but copper uptake was reduced by about 50% at pH 5.0.

The Influence of pH, Water Hardness, and Alkalinity on the Acute Lethality of Zinc to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bradley ◽  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Zinc Toxicity ◽  
Carbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Influence Of Ph

The acute lethality of dissolved zinc to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was significantly increased at higher pH and lower hardness levels. Changes in pH from 5.5 to 7.0 increased zinc toxicity by factors of 2 to 5, depending on total hardness levels. A decrease in hardness from 386 to 31 mg CaCO3/L increased zinc toxicity by more than an order of magnitude at both pH levels. These effects of pH and hardness were not caused by changes in the chemical speciation of zinc. An increase in carbonate alkalinity from 8.4 to 24 mg CaCO3/L at pH 7.0 did not significantly alter zinc toxicity at either hardness level. Thus, carbonate alkalinity is not an important factor at or below pH 7.0. At low hardness, dissolved zinc was more than 10 times as toxic at pH 9.0 as at pH 5.5. Two competing mechanisms appear to operate: as the pH rises, dissolved zinc becomes increasingly toxic, but at higher pH levels it is increasingly replaced by zinc precipitate, which is of very low toxicity to fish.

Toxicity of environmental acid to the rainbow trout: interactions of water hardness, acid type, and exercise

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1518-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Graham ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Classical 7-day lethality tests were used to establish the influence of water hardness [Formula: see text], acid type (HCl versus H2SO4) and activity level (rest versus exhaustive exercise) on acid toxicity to fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at 15 °C. Seven-day mean lethal concentration (LC50) pH's ranged from 4.1 to 4.5. Hardness reduced H2SO4 toxicity at all pH levels during both rest and exericise, but reduced HCl toxicity only at very low pH levels. Hardness increased HCl toxicity at pH's > 3.8. H2SO4 was generally less toxic than HCl, except at pH's > 3.8 in soft water. Exchaustive exercise markedly potentiated H2SO4 toxicity in both hard and soft water except at very low pH levels. Below pH = 4.4–4.6, critical swimming speed declined linearly by about 4% per 0.1 pH unit. Possible physiological mechanisms responsible for these modifying influences and their ecological significance are discussed.

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

Some Toxic Constituents of Chlorination-Stage Effluents from Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McKague
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mills

Constituents responsible for the toxicity of a sample of bleached kraft chlorination-stage effluent to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated. Tetrachlorocatechol, 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol, and 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone were identified and evidence was obtained for the presence of other chlorodihydroxybenzenes in toxic acidic fractions of the sample. Concentrations of 0.46 mg/L 3,4,5-trichloro- and 0.74 mg/L tetrachloro-catechol were estimated in the sample by analytical gas chromatography. Toxic materials in the nonacidic fraction were not identified although the nontoxic dichloromethyl methyl sulfone was isolated.Key words: chlorination-stage effluent, toxicity, pulp mill, chlorocatechols, chlorodihydroxybenzenes

Toxicity of TFM (Lampricide) to Six Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
L. L. Marking
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Coexisting Species

The lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) was tested against the following life stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): green eggs, eyed eggs, sac fry, swim-up fry, fry, and fingerlings in four water hardnesses (12, 44, 170, and 320 mg/liter as CaCO3). The eyed-egg stage was one of the most resistant stages tested, and the sac-fry stage was one of the least resistant. Increased water hardness decreases toxicity to all stages. The LC50’s range from 0.532 mg/liter to 40.0 mg/liter depending upon life stage, water hardness, and duration of exposure. The margin of safety for coexisting species exposed to TFM ranges from 3.2 to 4.1 in natural waters. The margin of safety for early life stages of rainbow trout and larval lamprey under controlled laboratory conditions ranges from 4.2 to 12.2. Therefore, all six early life stages of rainbow trout are safe in minimum lampricidal concentrations of TFM.

Production and Movement of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Headwater of Bothwell's Creek, Georgian Bay, Canada

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ross Alexander ◽  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ecological Disturbance ◽  
Georgian Bay ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Annual Production ◽  
Calculated Ratio

Within the 21,500 m2 headwater, the standing population of juvenile rainbow trout reached a high of 7.05 g/m2 in October. Production was maximum during August at 1.77 g/m2. Total annual production is calculated at 284.5 kg (13.2 g/m2). Spring emigrants (no less than 4830 fish weighing 69 kg) were age I (91%) and age II. Minimum calculated ratio of production to yield as emigrants was 4.1:1. Comparatively few age 0 fish emigrated during summer. Because of their demonstrated capability to produce juveniles, sensitive headwaters must be preserved from ecological disturbance to assure self-perpetuating rainbow trout populations in the Great Lakes.

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