Management of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s230-s244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Trumble ◽  
Robert D. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Eastern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi

Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) fishery management in the eastern Pacific Ocean is under jurisdiction of the federal governments of the United States and Canada and the states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. In Canada, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for all Canadian marine fisheries. United States fisheries management is a federal responsibility in waters beyond 5.6 km (3 nautical miles), provided that a Fishery Management Plan is in effect. As no such plan currently exists for herring in the eastern Pacific, individual states manage offshore waters as well as territorial waters. The dominant product from herring fishing on the west coasts of the United States and Canada is "sac-roe," or mature egg skeins, which are used as a caviar product. Other uses include human food, king crab and other commercial bait, bait for recreational fishermen, herring spawn-on-kelp, and animal food. In-season and post-season standing stock estimates are based on direct observation or measurement. Quotas are based directly on standing stock estimates, using one of two philosophies. The first, used mainly in Canada, sets a spawning escapement goal designed to maximize average larval production, and allows harvest of all herring in excess of this goal. The second sets a harvest in proportion to the standing stock, to allow spawning escapement to fluctuate cyclically as in an unfished population. Serious management problems are caused by the large catching capacity of the herring fleets and by the short time period during which satisfactory roe maturity occurs before spawning. Fishing is often limited to several hours or several days, primarily to maintain catches within quota limits, and secondarily to prevent overloading processing facilities. An equitable allocation of the harvest among various users is difficult, compounding management problems.

Productivity of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Eastern Bering Sea under Various Patterns of Exploitation

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s181-s191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Fried ◽  
Vidar G. Wespestad
Keyword(s):  
Bering Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Eastern Bering Sea ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Spawning Biomass

Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) is a major food source for western Alaska native people and has been commercially exploited in the eastern Bering Sea since the early 1900's. Commercial harvests were small and localized in coastal waters until foreign factory fleets located and developed a fishery on wintering herring concentrations in the early 1960's. Harvests peaked near 150 000 t in the early 1970's and then declined along with catch per unit effort. Foreign harvests were eliminated following establishment of the United States 200 mile Fishery Conservation Zone. In recent years a fishery has developed in State of Alaska coastal waters which harvests herring for sac roe (ovaries) during the spring spawning period. Proposals have been put forth by trawl fishermen to reestablish a food and bait fishery within Federal waters. Development of offshore mixed stock fisheries has been opposed by inshore commercial and subsistence users who fear that stocks will be overexploited. While both State and Federal managers have agreed to give subsistence users and inshore domestic commercial fishermen top priority, they have been unable to agree upon plans for dealing with potential offshore commercial harvests. In this paper we present results of a computer model that we developed to examine effects of various fishing patterns upon herring productivity and yield. Within our model, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is achieved at an exploitation rate (E) of 0.3 (i.e. harvest of 30% of total spawning biomass). However, since stocks still appear to be below MSY biomass and since productivity and yield drop sharply at E values greater than 0.3, we suggest that an E of 0.2 be maintained under current conditions. This will result in a potential loss in yield of only 7% from an E of 0.3, but will allow a 52% increase in spawning biomass. Four fishing patterns in which both discrete and mixed stock fishery removals were allowed to occur were also examined. During years in which inshore fisheries fail to harvest 20% of available spawning biomass, an offshore allocation of up to 10 000 t could be permitted with minimal risk to damaging the reproductive potential of small spawning stocks. However, results indicated that mixed stock fisheries should be restricted to lower levels than would be appropriate for fisheries targeting on discrete stocks to avoid risks of overharvesting some stocks.

Rookery contributions, movements and conservation needs of hawksbill turtles at foraging grounds in the eastern Pacific Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 586 ◽  
pp. 203-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Gaos ◽  
RL Lewison ◽  
MP Jensen ◽  
MJ Liles ◽  
A Henriquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Eastern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Hawksbill Turtles

Petrels collected by Titian Ramsay Peale in the Pacific Ocean during the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. P. BOURNE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Important Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The report by Titian Ramsay Peale on birds encountered during the Wilkes Expedition was withdrawn for inaccuracy when few copies had been distributed, and re-written by John Cassin. A survey of the accounts of the petrels shows that this was not an improvement. Two important type localities for Procellaria brevipes and Thalassidroma lineata are probably wrong, and could be exchanged.

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