Effects of Low Environmental pH on the Survival, Growth, and ionic Composition of Postemergent Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles L. Lacroix ◽  
D. James Gordon ◽  
Dana J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Composition Changes

Postemergent Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared during the early feeding phase in the soft, acidic water of the Westfield River (mean pH 5.0) in Nova Scotia. The fry were held in a flow-through system of tanks in situ and were fed a hatchery diet. Bioassays were also conducted in river water treated with limestone (mean pH 6.1) to provide a control. Cumulative mortality of fry after 30 d in the tanks was 70% at pH 5.0 and only 4% at pH 6.1. Fry in untreated river water were inactive, ingested little food, and lost weight (approximately 25%) during the first 15 d of exposure. Large increases in body [Ca2+] and [Na+] were observed in fry at both pH levels during that time, but the increase in [Ca2+] lagged and that in [Na+] was less in fry at low pH. Deaths occurred 15–30 d after swim-up and dead fry were all severely emaciated, indicating that deaths were probably from starvation. Although there were differences in ionic composition changes in fry held at pH 5.0 compared with control, no major depletion of body ionic reserves occurred relative to initial concentrations. Surviving fry at pH 5.0 developed a tolerance after 25 d and had growth rates, condition factors, and ionic concentrations similar to those of fry in treated water. The mortality of fry during the transition to exogenous feeding, in response to low pH stress in soft water, is probably responsible for reduced recruitment and the decline or loss of salmon stocks in this and other acidic rivers of Nova Scotia.

Responses of Kidney, Liver, Muscle, and Bone in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Diet and Liming in Acidic Nova Scotia Rivers

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2441-2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
S. B. Brown ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Klaverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Kidney Liver

Two-year old sexually maturing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were held in the Medway (pH range 5.2–5.6) and WestfieSd (pH range 4.7–5.2) rivers of Nova Scotia for 149 and 126 d respectively, in successive years (1985 and 1986). Exposure to Westfield river water resulted in a depletion of renal and hepatic acid-soluble thiol (AST) and of renal ascorbic acid (AsA) reserves in both years. Liming, or the feeding of a high-salt (3.0% NaCl) diet, failed to maintain completely these reserves at levels found in Medway river salmon. In 1986 declines in bone (Ca and P) and muscle (Na and K) electrolytes were coincidental to elevations in liver glycogen, suggesting that gluconeogenesis was an adaptive mechanism in response to the ionoregulatory effects associated with acidic and low ambient calcium conditions. The addition of lime to Westfield river water restored muscle electrolyte levels, but had no effect on depleted bone Ca and P levels.

scholarly journals A Mi’kmaw Perspective on Advancing Salmon Governance in Nova Scotia, Canada: Setting the Stage for Collaborative Co-Existence

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley K Denny ◽  
Lucia M Fanning
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fisheries Governance ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Governance Regime ◽  
Conservation And Management ◽  
Canadian Department

Issues related to fisheries governance are a source of debate and tension between the Indigenous Mi’kmaq people of Nova Scotia and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) in matters concerning Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Within the context of the existing governance regime, this analysis compares the concept of salmon conservation and management from a Mi’kmaq perspective and proposes a collaborative co-existence approach for effective salmon governance in Nova Scotia. This approach begins by using co-management as a process, Two-Eyed Seeing as the design, and treaties as the model to achieve shared objectives of maintaining and improving abundances of salmon populations, in spite of differing mechanisms for addressing the interwoven complexities of multiple realities, conservation, and cultural identity.

Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal location of the tRNAMet genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Perez ◽  
P Moran ◽  
E Garcia-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

This work describes the isolation, characterization, and physical location of the methionine tRNA in the genome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). An Atlantic salmon genomic library was screened using a tRNAMet probe from Xenopus laevis. Two cosmid clones containing the Atlantic salmon tRNAMet gene were isolated, subcloned and sequenced. The tRNAMet was mapped to metaphase chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomal data indicated that the tDNA of methionine is tandemly repeated in a single locus in both species. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern hybridization confirmed the tandem organization of this gene. Key words: cosmids, cloning, in situ hybridization, tRNAMet.

Inhibition of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Hatching at Low pH

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peterson ◽  
P. G. Daye ◽  
J. L. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Hatching Enzyme ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid ◽  
Eye Pigmentation ◽  
Ambient Levels

Hatching of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs was delayed or prevented if they were exposed to water of lowered pH (4.0–5.5) after eye pigmentation had developed. Hatching subsequently could be induced by returning eggs to normal pH levels (6.6–6.8). Perivitelline pH fell rapidly to near ambient levels when eggs were exposed to low pH. It is suggested that the observed effects on hatching were due to inhibition of the hatching enzyme, chorionase.Key words: Atlantic salmon, eggs, pH, perivitelline fluid, chorionase

The distribution of dissolved aluminum in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers of Atlantic Canada and its potential effect on aquatic populations

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1174-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian F. Dennis ◽  
Thomas A. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Advisory Commission

Studies from the 1980s concluded that aluminum (Al) was not a significant contributor to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) toxicity in Nova Scotia, located on Canada’s Atlantic coast, because of the presence of dissolved organic matter that rendered ionic Al (Ali) biologically inaccessible. Since this earlier work, new interpretations of Ali effects, as well as improved techniques for its measurement, have been developed. However, no new data interpretation has been done to see if the conclusions reached in earlier work for Atlantic Canada were still valid. We sampled 97 salmon rivers from the provinces of New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), and the island of Newfoundland (NF) to determine total and Ali concentrations to see if results exceeded newer toxicity standards established by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. We found that southwestern NS, the region with the greatest loss of salmon populations, has seven rivers where autumn Ali values exceed values identified as toxic to aquatic life. A further three rivers exceed guidelines in NF. Our work shows that the sources of toxicity for salmon and other aquatic species in acidified environments are more complex than previously thought.

Influence of Varying pH and some Inorganic Cations on the Perivitelline Potential of Eggs of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1066-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Ambient Medium ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
Inorganic Cations ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid

A potential difference is maintained between the perivitelline fluid of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) egg and the incubation medium. The magnitude of this potential difference depends on the ionic composition of the incubation medium; it exhibits a maximal negativity in deionized water, then depolarizes, and finally reverses in sign as the ionic content of the incubation medium is raised. The potential difference obeys the Nernst relationship over a limited concentration range of H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ (10−5 to 10−3M). The maximal change in potential difference with change in Na+ and K+ concentrations is less than that predicted by the Nernst equation. The potential difference permits calculation of the degree of concentration of cations in the perivitelline fluid over that of the ambient medium. Depolarizing the perivitelline potential by lowering the ambient pH will result in losses of other cations from the perivitelline fluid.

Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Brodeur ◽  
Trine Ytrestøyl ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
R Scott McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Ventral Aorta

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 48 h to water from acidified (pH 5.2) Fossbekk River (Norway), with and without 94 µg aluminium (Al)/L added as AlCl3, and to water from circumneutral (pH 6.7) Ims River (Norway) (controls). Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were monitored throughout the exposure period with Doppler flow probes placed around the ventral aorta of the fish. Fish exposed to Fossbekk River water without added Al showed few physiological disturbances. When 94 µg Al/L was added to Fossbekk River water, most of the fish died before the end of the 48-h exposure period, and a large elevation in heart rate was observed together with a decrease in plasma chloride concentrations and an increase in haematocrit, plasma glucose and plasma cortisol levels. Cardiac output was maintained at basal levels during the first 24 h of exposure because the tachycardia was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of stroke volume. Signs of arrhythmia appeared after 32 h of exposure and were associated with a further decrease in stroke volume that caused cardiac output to decrease below basal levels. The incapacity of the tachycardia to elevate cardiac output and the subsequent death of the fish suggest that this response to low pH and Al is more of a maladaptation reaction than a compensatory or adaptative reaction.

Effects of Low Environmental pH on Smolting of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Saunders ◽  
Eugene B. Henderson ◽  
Paul R. Harmon ◽  
C. Edward Johnston ◽  
J. Geoffrey Eales
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
And Control

We reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in soft water (hardness 13 mg/L as CaCO3) at two pH levels, 6.4–6.7 and 4.2–4.7, from February to June, to assess the effect of low pH on survival, growth, and the smolting process under rising (4–8.5 °C) or relatively constant (9.5–10.5 °C) temperature. Survival was lower as a result of low pH (4.2–4.7) under both temperature regimes. Neither group exposed to low pH gained weight whereas both control groups gained weight during the experiment. Parr–smolt transformation, as indicated by salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity, was impaired as a result of low pH. The large (17–19 cm) parr used in this study were initially salinity tolerant and those at control pH (6.4–6.7) increased tolerance to 35‰ salinity between March and May; those in low pH became intolerant of high salinity. ATPase levels in salmon reared at low pH were significantly lower than those at normal pH levels under both temperature regimes. ATPase activity was significantly greater in fish reared at pH 6.4–6.7 with rising than with constant temperature. Plasma chloride and sodium levels were low in response to low pH, indicating impaired ionic regulation in freshwater. Plasma calcium levels were higher at low pH in both temperature regimes; higher levels were reached under constant temperature. Moisture content rose less sharply under low than under control pH in both temperature regimes. In the rising temperature regime, lipid levels reached similar, low levels under low and control pH conditions. Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels gave no clear indication of effects of low pH on smolting. Smoltification did not proceed normally in our Atlantic salmon subjected to low pH levels.

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