An Integration of Forest and Lake Fertilization: Transport and Transformations of Fertilizer Elements

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Perrin ◽  
K. S. Shortreed ◽  
J. G. Stockner
Keyword(s):  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Nitrate Transport ◽  
Forest Fertilization ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
N:P Ratios ◽  
Phosphorus Recycling ◽  
Lake Fertilization

Forest fertilization (435 kg urea∙ha−1) on the Mohun drainage, northern Vancouver Island, during late fall 1979 resulted in a combined increase in urea, ammonia, and nitrate concentrations to 8000 μg N∙L−1 above control levels in streams not protected with 50-m-wide leave (i.e. unfertilized) strips and 350 μg N∙L−1 in those having leave strips. By spring 1980, dissolved nitrogen loads to Mohun Lake increased by a minimum of 55% in the largest basin and 1924% in the smallest basin. This corresponded to fertilizer losses of 2.1% of the total applied from drainages that had leave strips and up to 5.2% from those where the treatment included direct application to stream channels. Nitrogen transport was dominated by reduced nitrogen species and lasted up to 144 d. Relatively small changes in nitrate transport were attributed to low temperatures, which reduced rates of nitrification. Duringthe3-yr prior to forest fertilization, nitrogen and phosphorus were added to the lake at an N:P ratio of 4.5 (wt/wt) and a load of 1.4–2.2 mg P∙m−2∙wk−1. Spring overturn phosphorus concentrations were 4–5 μg∙L−1 throughout the study and, except during the spring following forest fertilization, N:P ratios (NO3-N:TP) at spring overturn were 3–6 (wt/wt). Despite the low ratios, nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton were not dominant in Mohun Lake. After forest fertilization, average epilimnetic chlorophyll concentrations were 1.8 times higher than in 1979, the last year of lake fertilization. The increase is attributed to the much higher spring overturn N:P ratio that occurred after forest fertilization and to phosphorus recycling processes within the extensive littoral zone of the lake.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Limiting Nutrients and Trophic State For Selected Ponds in the National Elk Refuge

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Ryan Cole ◽  
Woodruff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
N:P Ratios ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Limiting Nutrient

Executive Summary: During the years 2000 and 2001 several water samples were taken and observations were made in order to assess the limiting nutrients and the trophic state of the water at five locations in the National Elk Refuge near Jackson, Wyoming. These five locations were: Pond by Hay Barn, Pond by Gravel Pit, Pond by Miller House, Flat Creek (at bridge) in Elk Refuge, and Elk Refuge Outlet (Flat Creek at City Bridge). Nitrogen and phosphorus measurements were taken and the nitrogen-phosphorus (N:P) ratio was determined for each sample. The N:P ratios for the ponds were high which indicates that phosphorus was generally the limiting nutrient and the N:P ratios for Flat Creek were low which indicates that nitrogen was limiting. Along with phosphorus, chlorophyll-a measurements were also taken, and these data were used in the Carlson Model in order to determine the trophic state. The Carlson results indicate that the ponds are classified as oligotrophic to slightly mesotrophic (good water quality) and Flat Creek is classified as mesotrophic. However, based on the phosphorus measurements only, without the chlorophyll-a, the ponds are classified as mesotrophic and the Creek is classified as eutrophic (poor water quality). With the exception of the Elk Refuge Outlet (Flat Creek), which is eutrophic, there are no serious identified areas of water quality concern with regards to eutrophication in the Elk Refuge. These results should be useful in comparing with past and future studies in order to determine the effects of animal and human interaction on these waters.

Regeneration of nitrogen and phosphorus by bluegill and gizzard shad: effect of feeding history

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2327-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha E. Mather ◽  
Michael J. Vanni ◽  
Thomas E. Wissing ◽  
Scott A. Davis ◽  
Maynard H. Schaus
Keyword(s):  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Gizzard Shad ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
N:P Ratios ◽  
Excretion Rates

We combined laboratory and field studies to experimentally assess how the effects of feeding regime and time since feeding influence nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and the N:P ratio excreted by two common freshwater fish, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). In addition, for adult gizzard shad, we modelled excretion rates as a function of the nutrient content of ingested sediment detritus. For both bluegill and gizzard shad, feeding significantly increased nutrient excretion rates and altered excreted N:P ratios. For both species, excretion rates were highest immediately after feeding and declined thereafter. Because the phosphorus excretion rate decreased more rapidly after feeding than did the nitrogen excretion rate, the excreted N:P ratio increased with time since feeding. Young-of-year gizzard shad excreted more nitrogen than adults, resulting in a higher excreted N:P ratio for these small fish. For P, predictions from our model agreed well with our experiments with gizzard shad; for N, the agreement was not as strong yet was still reasonable. In summary, N:P ratios excreted by these fish differed across species, size, and time since feeding. Variation in these factors may explain discrepancies among studies that examine both trophic interactions and nutrient budgets.

scholarly journals Flood water quality and marine sediment and nutrient loads from the Tully and Murray catchments in north Queensland, Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Wallace ◽  
Lachlan Stewart ◽  
Aaron Hawdon ◽  
Rex Keen ◽  
Fazlul Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Flood Flows

Current estimates of sediment and nutrient loads from the Tully–Murray floodplain to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon are updated by taking explicit account of flood events. New estimates of flood discharge that include over-bank flows are combined with direct measurements of sediment and nutrient concentrations in flood waters to calculate the loads of sediment and nutrient delivered to the ocean during 13 floods that occurred between 2006 and 2008. Although absolute concentrations of sediment and nutrient were quite low, the large volume of water discharged during floods means that they make a large contribution (30–50%) to the marine load. By not accounting for flood flows correctly, previous estimates of the annual average discharge are 15% too low and annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus are 47% and 32% too low respectively. However, because sediments may be source-limited, accounting for flood flows simply dilutes their concentration and the resulting annual average load is similar to that previously estimated. Flood waters also carry more dissolved organic nitrogen than dissolved inorganic nitrogen and this is the opposite of their concentrations in river water. Consequently, dissolved organic nitrogen loads to the ocean may be around twice those previously estimated from riverine data.

scholarly journals Distributions and stoichiometry of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the iron-fertilized region near Kerguelen (Southern Ocean)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Blain ◽  
J. Capparos ◽  
A. Guéneuguès ◽  
I. Obernosterer ◽  
L. Oriol
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Species ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen ◽  
Total Dissolved Nitrogen ◽  
Preferential Uptake

Abstract. During KEOPS2 (Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau Compared Study 2), we determined dissolved inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus species in the naturally fertilized region of Kerguelen Island (Southern Ocean). Above 150 m, stations were clearly separated by the polar front (PF), with concentrations of NO3-, NO2- and PO43- overall lower north of the PF than south. Though less pronounced, a similar trend was detectable for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). At all stations offshore and above the plateau, a subsurface maximum of NH4+ was observed between 50 and 150 m. We examined nutrient stoichiometry by calculating the linear combination N* = [NO3-]-16 [PO43-]. The majority of stations and depths revealed N* close to −3 μM; however, for surface waters north of the PF, N* increased up to 6 μM. This suggests a preferential uptake of PO43- versus NO3- by fast-growing diatoms. Using the tracer TNxs = [TDN]-16[TDP] (TDN, total dissolved nitrogen; TDP, total dissolved phosphorus) revealed that the dissolved organic fraction significantly contributed to changes in TNxs. TNxs values were negative for most stations and depths, and relatively constant in the 0–500 m layer. As for N*, the stations north of the PF had higher TNxs in the 0–100 m layer. We discuss this stoichiometric anomaly with respect to possible external sources and sinks of N and P. Additional data collected in February 2013 at two sites revealed the occurrence of a subsurface minimum of N* located just below the pycnocline, which denotes a layer where remineralization of particulate organic matter with low N : P ratio P, possibly associated with preferential remineralization of P versus N, persists throughout the season.

scholarly journals Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Gonzaga Henry-Silva ◽  
Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen

The effluents from fish farming can increase the quantity of suspended solids and promote the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of three species of floating aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta) to treat effluents from Nile tilapia culture ponds. The effluent originated from a 1,000-m² pond stocked with 2,000 male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The treatment systems consisted of 12 experimental tanks, three tanks for each macrophyte species, and three control tanks (without plants). Water samples were collected from the: (i) fish pond source water, (ii) effluent from fish pond and (iii) effluents from the treatment tanks. The following water variables were evaluated: turbidity, total and dissolved nitrogen, ammoniacal-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus. E. crassipes and P. stratiotes were more efficient in total phosphorus removal (82.0% and 83.3%, respectively) and total nitrogen removal (46.1% and 43.9%, respectively) than the S. molesta (72.1% total phosphorus and 42.7% total nitrogen) and the control (50.3% total phosphorus and 22.8% total nitrogen), indicating that the treated effluents may be reused in the aquaculture activity.

Variation in Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stoichiometry in Different Functional Groups of Legumes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Shi ◽  
S. X. Xu ◽  
S. C. Lu ◽  
M. Yang ◽  
M. G. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
N:P Ratios ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Leaf N

The legume is notable owing to their symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixing ability. Usually, higher leaf N concentration and N to phosphorus (P) ratio (N:P) in legumes than non-legumes. However, the variations of leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship had been hardly studied based on functional groups. In this study, we studied the leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship among different functional groups. The results showed that the average values of leaf N, P and N:P ratios for all legumes were 27.33 mg g-1, 1.27 mg g-1 and 21.94, respectively. Leaf N (36.96 mg g-1) and P (2.15 mg g-1) of herbaceous legumes are significantly higher than N (24.97 mg g-1) and P (1.18 mg g-1) in woody plants, respectively. Moreover, leaf N, P and N:P of shrub markedly higher than them in tree. Leaf N and P are always higher in deciduous than evergreen legumes. A negative correlation was found between leaf N:P and P in overall and different functional groups of legumes.

Variability in surface water chemistry and phytoplankton biomass in two tropical, tidally dominated mangrove creeks

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Trott ◽  
D. M. Alongi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Dissolved Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen

Surface water concentrations of dissolved nutrients and phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a) were examined monthly in relation to physicochemical characteristics and rainfall for 30 months in two tropical, tidally dominated mangrove creeks in north Queensland, Australia. Dissolved nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass peaked during summer with no or little significant change throughout the rest of the year. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations correlated inversely with salinity changes, implying that fresh water and suspended material from the watershed were the main source of dissolved nutrients.The mean dissolved inorganic N : P ratio in each creek (Control Creek 58 : 1, Sandfly Creek 26 : 1) was greater than the Redfield ratio (16 : 1), suggesting excess nitrogen relative to phosphorus. Variability in phytoplankton biomass did not correlate significantly with dissolved nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations, but did relate to rainfall patterns and changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations.These results suggest that pelagic conditions in these mangrove creeks are constant all year round, except during the summer wet season.

scholarly journals Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and their stoichiometry along a chronosequence of forest primary succession in the Hailuogou Glacier retreat area, eastern Tibetan Plateau

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246433
Author(s):  
Danli Yang ◽  
Ji Luo ◽  
Peihao Peng ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Wenbo Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Primary Succession ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Glacier Retreat ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
P Pools ◽  
P Accumulation

As the two limiting nutrients for plants in most terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential for the development of succession forests. Vegetation N:P stoichiometry is a useful tool for detecting nutrient limitation. In the present work, chronosequence analysis was employed to research N and P accumulation dynamics and their stoichiometry during forest primary succession in a glacier retreat area on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results showed that: (1) total ecosystem N and P pools increased from 97 kg hm−2 to 7186 kg hm−2 and 25 kg hm−2 to 487 kg hm−2, respectively, with increasing glacier retreat year; (2) the proportion of the organic soil N pool to total ecosystem N sharply increased with increasing glacier retreat year, but the proportion of the organic soil and the vegetation P pools to the total ecosystem P was equivalent after 125 y of recession; (3) the N:P ratio for tree leaves ranged from 10.1 to 14.3, whereas the N:P ratio for total vegetation decreased form 13.3 to 8.4 and remained constant after 35 y of recession, and the N:P ratio for organic soil increased from 0.2 to 23.1 with increasing glacier retreat. These results suggested that organic soil N increased with increasing years of glacier retreat, which may be the main sink for atmospheric N, whereas increased P accumulation in vegetation after 125 y of recession suggested that much of the soil P was transformed into the biomass P pool. As the N:P ratio for vegetation maintained a low level for 35–125 y of recession, we suggested that N might be the main limiting element for plant growth in the development of this ecosystem.

scholarly journals Historical Patterns of Forest Fertilization in the Southeastern United States from 1969 to 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Albaugh ◽  
H. Lee Allen ◽  
Thomas R. Fox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Forest Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Based on historical forest fertilization survey records, over 16 million ac were fertilized in the southeastern United States from 1969 to 2004, with the peak forest fertilizer application in 1999, when 1.59 million ac were fertilized. The 1999 applications were largely on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.; 91%) in established stands (78%) and included both nitrogen and phosphorus, typically as urea and diammonium phosphate fertilizers, respectively. On a tonnage basis from 2000 to 2004, the average amount of forest-applied urea and diammonium phosphate represented 2.5% of those materials applied in the United States. The number of acres fertilized approximately doubled every 2 years from 1991 through 1999. This increase can be attributed to a shift in forest production interests to the southeastern United States at a time when research results were showing positive biological and economic responses to nitrogen and phosphorus applications in midrotation southern pine stands. Common application rates for nitrogen and phosphorus were 200 and 50 lb elemental nitrogen ac−1and 25 and 50 lb elemental phosphorus ac−1 for stands >2 years old and ≤2 years old, respectively. In 1994, application of elements other than nitrogen and phosphorus, including potassium, boron, and magnesium, began in response to newly available research results. Boron was applied to 30% of the total number of acres fertilized in 2004, likely because boron, when applied with urea, may reduce nitrogen volatilization.

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