A Rapid Simple Long-Term Toxicity Assay for Aquatic Contaminants Using the Nematode Panagrellus redivivus

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Samoiloff ◽  
S. Schulz ◽  
Y. Jordan ◽  
K. Denich ◽  
E. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Mutagenic Effects ◽  
Aquatic Contaminants ◽  
Heavy Metal Compound

Two protocols using the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus to determine the developmental or mutagenic effects of environmental contaminants were tested. Fifteen known carcinogens or mutagens, six suspected carcinogens, and seven heavy metal compounds were tested at concentrations ranging from 10−8 to 10−3 mol/L. A developmental assay using frequency of completion of the three postembryonic molts detected toxic effects of 24 of the 28 tested agents, while survival was decreased in only 10 of the 28 agents. Mutagenesis was detected in 12 of the known carcinogens, three of the suspected carcinogens, and one heavy metal compound. Therefore, assays are suitable for detection of long-term toxicity of contaminants in aquatic environments.Key words: Panagrellus, nematode, carcinogens, mutagens, developmental assay, toxicology assay

scholarly journals Acanthocytes of Stropharia rugosoannulata Function as a Nematode-Attacking Device

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2982-2987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Luo ◽  
Xuan Li ◽  
Guohong Li ◽  
Yanbo Pan ◽  
Keqin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Mechanical Force ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Free Living Nematode

ABSTRACT Efficient killing of nematodes by Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlow ex Murrill cultures was observed. This fungus showed the ability to immobilize the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus Goodey within minutes and to immobilize the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle within hours on agar plates. Moreover, P. redivivus worms were completely degraded by the fungus within 24 to 48 h. The cultures of S. rugosoannulata studied shared the characteristic of abundantly producing cells with finger-like projections called acanthocytes. We showed that the nematode-attacking activity of this fungus is carried out by these spiny acanthocytes and that mechanical force is an important factor in the process. Furthermore, the growth and nematode-attacking activity of the fungus in soil were also determined, and our results suggest that acanthocytes are functional in soil.

Long-term heavy metal pollution varied female reproduction investment in free-living anura, Bufo raddei

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenya Zhang ◽  
Rui Guo ◽  
Shiwei Ai ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Free Living

The effect of the nematode peptides SDPNFLRFamide (PF1) and SADPNFLRFamide (PF2) on synaptic transmission in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Holden-Dye ◽  
C. J. Franks ◽  
R. G. Williams ◽  
R. J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Somatic Muscle ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Excitatory Junction Potentials ◽  
Input Conductance

SUMMARYThe action of two peptides isolated from the nematode Panagrellus redivivus, PF1 (SDPNFLRFamide) and PF2 (SADPNFLRFamide) have been studied on synaptic transmission in the motornervous system of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Intracellular recordings were made from Ascaris somatic muscle cells and excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) elicited by stimulation of the ventral nerve cord. The EJPs were cholinergic as they were blocked by the Ascaris nicotinic receptor antagonist, benzoquinonium. PF1 caused a slow hyperpolarization, similar to the action of this peptide first reported by Bowman, Geary & Thompson (1990) and further characterized by Franks et al. (1994). The hyper-polarization was accompanied by a marked decrease in the amplitude of the EJPs with an EC50 of 311 ± 30 nM (n = 5). This inhibition is unlikely to be due to a post-synaptic site of action of the peptide as the muscle cell input conductance was not significantly altered by PF1 and furthermore the response to bath-applied acetylcholine was not inhibited by PF1 at concentrations up to 10μM (n = 6). PF2 also inhibited the EJPs in a similar manner to PF1. These studies indicate that both of the peptides isolated from the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus have biological activity in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. PF1 and PF2 have inhibitory actions in contrast to the predominantly excitatory actions of the Ascaris endogenous peptides AF1 (KNEFIRFamide) and AF2 (KHEYLRFamide). The potent actions of the Panagrellus neuropeptides PF1 and PF2 in Ascaris suggest that peptides with a similar or identical sequence may also occur in Ascarisand have an inhibitory role in the motornervous system.

Glutathione transferase in the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus

FEBS Letters ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 253 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 76-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Papadopoulos ◽  
P.M. Brophy ◽  
P. Crowley ◽  
M. Ferguson ◽  
J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Free Living Nematode

Effect of disturbances on trophic groups in soil nematode assemblages

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
A Site

AbstractFree-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance from bare ground without plant cover. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover.

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