Aggregation, Transformation, and the Design of Benthos Sampling Programs

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1454-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Fourth Root ◽  
Sampling Transformation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Benthic Animals

Solutions are offered to the problems of data transformation and the design of efficient programs for sampling the benthos of lakes and large rivers. All types of benthic animals from many types of substrate, sampled with diverse sampling gear, are aggregated in a similar fashion. Aggregation can be indexed by the unbiased exponent of the power relationship between density and variance. A single variance stabilizing transformation can be used for all macrobenthos population data since the relationship of sample variance to mean density is similar in all taxa of benthic animals. Stabilized variance in population data satisfies one of the main assumptions of the analysis of variance and allows use of normal statistics provided that the other assumptions are met. The fourth-root transformation stabilized the variance in all macrobenthos samples while either the commonly used square root or logarithmic transformations did not. Sampling programs can be optimized empirically. Standard deviation (s) is predictable from mean density (M; m−2) and sampler size (A; cm2) from the equation: log10s = 0.581 + 0.696 log10M − 2.82 × 10−4 A. The data show that it is easier to obtain a precise estimate of macrobenthos density at high densities. Small diameter samplers are most efficient in obtaining high levels of precision. Data were taken from the literature. Key words: aggregation, benthos, freshwater, regression, sampling, transformation

The development of the lamb with particular reference to the alimentary tract

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Large
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. Thirty Suffolk × Half bred lambs were slaughtered at the following ages: two twin lambs at birth and two singles and two twins at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks of age.2. The following weights were recorded: live-weight immediately before slaughter; and carcass, head, skin, feet, alimentary tract, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea, and blood immediately afterwards.3. The alimentary tract was emptied and weighed in four separate parts; reticulo-rumen, omasum-abomasum, small intestine, large intestine.4. The volumes of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum-abomasum were measured by immersing in water and filling the organs with water to 2 cm. pressure.5. The in vitro digestive efficiency of rumen liquor from lambs of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age was assessed.6. Empty body weight was considered to be valuable in comparing animals of different ages or from different feeding regimes or at different times of the year because variations in gut ‘fill’ were eliminated.7. There were no differences between singles and twins in the relationship of the fresh weights of the parts of the body to empty body weight, except that development of the liver and the blood was rather slower for singles.8. Little evidence was found of a difference in rate of development of the alimentary tract between singles an d twins, although the log an d square root transformation suggested a possible difference in reticulo-rumen size in favour of twins, significant at the 5% level.

scholarly journals Determination of Phosphine Residues in Whole Grains and Soybeans by Ion Chromatography via Conversion to Phosphate

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1190-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Carlson ◽  
Richard D Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Suppressed Conductivity Detection ◽  
Phosphine Residues ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract An ion chromatographic (IC) method was developed for determining phosphine (PH3) in whole grains (barley, corn, oats, rice, rye, and wheat) and soybeans. The method converts phosphine to phosphate (i.e., orthophosphate) and isolates the phosphate by IC with eluent-suppressed conductivity detection. Recoveries of unbound phosphine by the method were similar to those obtained by an established colorimetric method for 7 different products fortified at 3 levels. Mean recoveries were low (i.e., 30-60%) and varied with product type and level of fortification. Recoveries of PH3 from previously fumigated products fortified with aluminum phosphide ranged from 19.0% for barley fortified at 0.734 ppm to 88.3% for corn fortified at 1.691 ppm. Precision data from 3 products based on replicate analyses (n = 4 or 5) gave relative standard deviations of 1.78-4.66% for mean laboratory-fumigated PH3 levels of 0.679-1.309 ppm. Estimated limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for PH3 were 0.010 μg/g (10 ppb) and 0.0275 μg/g (27.5 ppb) at signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 4:1 and 10:1, respectively. These values were also determined for a nonchemically suppressed IC system with LOD of 0.02 μg/g (20 ppb) and LOQ of 0.055 μg/g (55 ppb) at S/N of 4:1 and 10:1, respectively. Phosphate response was linear over the concentration range equivalent to 0.30-10.0 fig P/mL, with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.9988 based on replicate standard curves. The relationship of product composition to recovery from various products was also examined.

Measurement of Ethical Values

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1075-1088E
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fundamental Scale ◽  
Derivative Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The judgments of the magnitudes of goodness or badness (ethical values) of their successive situations over several days were recorded by three groups of college students. The relationship of their judged magnitudes of goodness and badness to the reported durations of their situations is described here. Judgments in terms of named and briefly described category scales of goodness and badness (given to the students) and judgments in terms of numerical scales (selected within limits by students) displayed the same power relationship between the average durations of the situations and the judged magnitude intervals of ethical value. This relationship held for large numbers of judgments of an individual as well as for the three student groups. It is suggested that this relationship offers a derivative method for measurement of ethical values, relating the category or numerical scales used to the fundamental scale of duration. The relationship also supports the operational definitions of “a good situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to continue the situation as long as we can or as long as it will, and tend to repeat it,” and “a bad situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to discontinue the situation as soon as we can or as soon as it will, and tend not to repeat it.”

Aggregation in Littoral Amphipod Populations: Transformation Controversies Revisited

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. France
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Square Root ◽  
South Central ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Fourth Root ◽  
Shield Lakes

Spatial variability in amphipod (Hyalella azteca) density was examined in 17 Canadian Shield Lakes in south-central Ontario. Aggregation was measured by the exponent of the power relationship between density and variance. The average b index was 1.45, although this value varied depending on lake and habitat type. Whereas this should indicate the use of a fourth-root transformation, neither this nor the logarithmic transformation was as effective as the square-root in stabilizing variance. A literature review suggests that if a universal transformation is sought for benthos data, it should not be the commonly used log transformation. The observation that the square-root transformation seemed to work better on average than the fourth-root transformation, even in the region suggested by theory for the latter, suggests that complications may arise in the uncritical use of Taylor's Power Law.

scholarly journals Relationship of Situational Leadership Style of Principal and School Climate to Teacher Integrity PAUD at Gambir Sub-District Central Jakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Wanto Wanto
Keyword(s):  
School Climate ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Situational Leadership ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to findout the relationship between the principal's situational leadership style and the school climate   together with the integrity of paud teachers in Gambir Sub-District of Central Jakarta. This research includes a type of quantitative research with koresional techniques.  The population in this study is all paud teachers in Gambir Sub-District of Central Jakarta which numbered 63 people. The sample from this study is the entire population. Data collection techniques use questionnaire methods and documentation. The research data in the analysis of two forms is descriptive and inference analasis. Description analysis is performed in the form of basic statistics such as average, median mode, standard deviation, variance, total score of distribution tables and histograms. Inference analysis consists of prerequisite analysis and hypothesis test. The conclusion of this study is that thereis a positive relationship between situational leadership style and schooliklin together with paud teacher integrity in Gambir Sub-district of Central Jakarta with double correlation coefficient (r12y)of 0.1509 and coefficient of determination of 0.388. This points out that if the situational leadership style and the school climate are jointly improved then the integrity of teachers is improved through the regression equation = 87.8+0.26 b1+0.02b2. This means the better the principal's leadership style and school climate the better the integrity of the teacher.

A RELAÇÃO ENTRE VIOLÊNCIA DE GÊNERO E PANDEMIA COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Bruna Aparecida Rodrigues Duarte ◽  
Fernanda Galvão ◽  
Glaucia Nunes Diniz de Oliveira Esmeraldo ◽  
Et Al
Keyword(s):  
Common Factors ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A violência de gênero tem perdurado há anos gerando a necessidade de discutir os fatores desencadeadores e comuns nesse cenário, como, a relação de poder e a relação íntima com o agressor. Nesse sentido, levando em consideração o contexto atual, o presente estudo objetivou apresentar as discussões de um grupo de estudo a respeito da relação da pandemia e aumento do índice de violência de gênero. Foram levantadas algumas categorias para discutir o assunto, sendo: As faces da violência baseada no gênero; Isolamento social e violência de gênero; Estratégias para constatação e diminuição dos casos de violência. É perceptível que o fenômeno da violência sempre existiu, porém, devido a alguns fatores do isolamento o deixou mais aparente e discutível. Paravras-chave: Violência de Gênero. Pandemia Covid 19.Relação de poder.   Abstract Gender-based violence has persisted for years, generating the need to discuss the triggering and common factors in this scenario, such as the power relationship and the intimate relationship with the aggressor. In this sense, taking into account the current context, the present study aimed to present the discussions of a study group regarding the relationship of the pandemic and the in crease in the rate of gender violence. Some categories  were raised to discuss the subject being: The faces of gender-based violence; Social isolation and gender violence; Strategies for finding and reducing cases of violence. It is notice able that the phenomenon of violence has always existed, but due to some isolation factors it has become more apparent and debatable. Keywords: Gender Violence. Pandemic Covid 19. The Power Relationship.

The Strange and the Familiar in the Thousand and One Nights

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-124
Author(s):  
David Quint
Keyword(s):  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This analysis of the structure and meaning of The Tale of the Hunchback, the most novelistic of the tales of the Thousand and One Nights, shows how the Nights stages the relationship of reader to fiction (the fictitious lives of others) as a power relationship and in terms of distance and familiarity. Through its juxtaposition of stories, the tale anatomizes fortunate and unfortunate human lives; it dramatizes the latter through the practical joke. The tale and its storyteller, Shahrazad, try to teach brotherhood and compassion for human weakness to a reader figured as an all-powerful Caliph-King who demands to be amused by the strange and who laughs at stories of the unfortunate. This reader’s power vis-à-vis the stories presented to him is above all to dismiss them as fictions that do not apply to him, as freakish as the deformed hunchback entertainer for whom the stories substitute within the tale. The tale and the larger Nights show how the estrangement that is the means of literary fiction can lie at cross-purposes with the ethical end of self-recognition and empathetic identification with others.

scholarly journals Effect of Foundation Width on Subgrade Reaction Modulus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 6253-6258
Author(s):  
T. Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Surface ◽  
Inertia Force ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Subgrade Reaction ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Embedded Structure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Structures are subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. Vertical subgrade reaction acts on the foundation bottom surface, and in the case of an embedded structure, horizontal subgrade reaction acts on the embedded part. The subgrade reaction is obtained by multiplying the displacement of the foundation by the Subgrade Reaction Modulus (SRM). In practice, SRM is calculated using an equation that incorporates the negative power relationship of the Foundation Width (FW). If the structure is evaluated to be poorly seismic resistant, it is necessary to widen FW. However, when the FW is widened, the design value of SRM decreases. In this case, it is not possible to expect an increase in the subgrade reaction proportional to the increase of FW. Therefore, when the inertia force is very high, the FW has to be very wide. However, underestimating SRM can lead to structural overdesign. In this study, the relationship between SRM and FW, for a structure in which vertical and horizontal load act simultaneously, was analyzed. Compared with the design practice assumptions, the horizontal SRM was found to be highly dependent on FW while the vertical SRM was shown to be less dependent on FW.

scholarly journals TARIQA OF SAMMANIYAH PALEMBANG IN 1900-1945: Struggle and Game Power of the Tariqa Sammaniyah Scholars In Maintaining the Existence of the Tariqa Sammaniyah

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Chairul Basrun Umanailo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to discuss the struggle of Sammaniyah scholars in maintaining the existence of Sammaniyah Tariqa at the beginning and in the middle of the 20th century. The struggle of these scholars began since the Dutch removed the Islamic-Malay poliltics from the neighborhood of Palembang Sultanate Palace in 1824. Although the Dutch had left Indonesia and there has been a change of power, apparently the struggle of Islamic scholars to maintain the exposition of the order is still done. The method of study used in this research is qualitative with genealogical approaches, where researchers analyze the relationship of power built by the Sammaniyah scholars in spreading Islam and maintaining the teachings of orders. The different treatment experienced by the Sammaniyah order has made the Islamic scholars make a strategy so that they can endure the middle of the regime. Establishing a power relationship with the power Regim is one of the steps of Sammaniyah scholars in maintaining the order through the process of Islamization.

scholarly journals Hubungan Faktor Pengetahuan, Motivasi dan Tingkat Pendidikan dengan Kepatuhan Pemberian Imunisasi BCG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Kristanto ◽  
Ernis Oki Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Education Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The Indonesian Ministry of Health (2016: 01) states that in Indonesia it is estimated that 1 million new TB cases (647 per 100,000 population) with 100,000 deaths (41 per 100,000 population). Data from the Central Java Provincial Health Office (2018), said that there were 103,840 TB cases estimated, only 44.33% (48,751 sufferers) reported, so that there were still 55,089 undiscovered patients. The results of the study prove that one effective prevention for tuberculosis is BCG immunization. Research purposes: This study aims to determine the relationship of factors of knowledge, motivation and education level with adherence to BCG immunization. Subject: All mothers who have children over 1 year old at Posyandu Karang Gading Village Tanon Subdistrict are 35 people. Method: This study uses observational analytic methods with a research design correlation with a cross sectional approach to determine the relationship of knowledge, motivation and education level with adherence to implementing BCG immunization. Data obtained by questionnaire, then tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 18 for Windows. Research result: The results of the analysis with SPSS 18 for Windows used Chi Square for the dependent variable level of knowledge p value: 0.655, motivation p value: 0.109, education level p value: 0.212. Conclusion: there is no relationship between the level of knowledge, motivation and level of education towards the compliance of mothers taking BCG immunization actions on their children. Keywords: knowledge, motivation, education level, compliance with BCG immunization

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