Growth and Survival of Young-Of-The-Year Emerald Shiners (Notropis atherinoides) at Different Temperatures

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Howard McCormick ◽  
Charles F. Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Notropis Atherinoides ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Young-of-the-year emerald shiners (Notropis atherinoides) were exposed to mean constant temperatures of 6.9, 11.9, 16.0, 19.8, 24.0, 26.9, 28.9, 31.0, 32.8, 34.9, and 36.7 C for 6 wk. Maximum rates of growth and net biomass gain occurred at 28.9 C, but these rates were not statistically greater (P > 0.05) than those at 26.9 and 24.0 C. Death rates were low at test temperatures up to 32.8 C but high at 34.9 C and above. The upper incipient 7-day TL50 was estimated to be 35.2. The 1-day TL50 of fish taken from the natural habitat, where peak daily temperatures ranged between 20 and 25 C during the preceding few days, was 32.6 C. Natural production of this important forage species would probably be best where temperatures are at least 19 C but not above 29 C for extended periods.

White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni) Embryo Development, and Early Growth and Survival at Different Temperatures

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Howard McCormick ◽  
Bernard R. Jones ◽  
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Spinal Deformities ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
High Death ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

White suckers (Catostomus commersoni) were exposed from fertilization through hatching to seven constant temperatures from 6.2 through 24.1 °C. High percentages of apparently normal larvae hatched at temperatures from 9.0 through 17.2 °C. Maximum percent hatch occurred at 15.2 °C, while only a few normal larvae were produced at 6.2 °C, and none at 24.1 °C.Growth rates increased from near zero at 10.0 °C to a maximum at 26.9 °C. At 29.7 °C growth fell below the maximum (P < 0.05), and the incidence of spinal deformities was high. Death rates were uniformly low from 15.7 to 26.9 °C and were significantly higher at 10.0 and 29.7 °C (P < 0.05). The rate of net biomass gain for test groups was maximum at 26.9 °C. Net rates of biomass gain declined progressively with temperatures below 26.9 °C until by 10.0 °C the rate of population growth became less than the rate of weight loss through deaths within the population. The temperature producing maximum hatching success, 15 °C, was nearly 12 °C lower than that providing for maximum growth and net biomass gain.Upper thermal 1-, 2-, and 7-day TL50 values for both newly hatched and swim-up larvae, when acclimated to 9 and 10 °C, were between 28 and 29 °C. When acclimated to 15 and 21 °C, they were between 30 and 32 °C.Lower 1-day TL50 temperature values for both groups of larvae acclimated to 21 °C were near 3 °C (< 2.9), 2-day TL50 values were approximately 0.5 °C higher, and 7-day values were 4.8 °C for newly hatched larvae and 6.1 °C for swim-up larvae.

Short-Term Change in a Population of the Meat Ant Iridomyrmex Purpureus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJM Greenslade
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Nest Entrance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Short Term Change ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Size And Structure

A population of the mound-building meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus s. s., was studied from 1971 to 1974 near the cool, wet end of its South Australian range. Seasonal variation in the numbers of nest mounds, and in number of nest entrance holes used by the population, indicate that it is under climatic stress in winter and summer. It is also subject to human interference and many mounds have been damaged; the fate of such colonies suggests that the mounds affect nest temperatures and are important in reducing winter stress. Comparison of parts of the population from areas differing in aspect and drainage shows that colony size and structure are controlled by rates of growth and survival of nests, depending largely on summer and winter stress respectively. The latter appears to be the critical factor in this population.

Recovery of an Isolated Coral Reef System Following Severe Disturbance

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 340 (6128) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilmour ◽  
Luke D. Smith ◽  
Andrew J. Heyward ◽  
Andrew H. Baird ◽  
Morgan S. Pratchett
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Reef System ◽  
Reef Recovery ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
North Western ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Coral reef recovery from major disturbance is hypothesized to depend on the arrival of propagules from nearby undisturbed reefs. Therefore, reefs isolated by distance or current patterns are thought to be highly vulnerable to catastrophic disturbance. We found that on an isolated reef system in north Western Australia, coral cover increased from 9% to 44% within 12 years of a coral bleaching event, despite a 94% reduction in larval supply for 6 years after the bleaching. The initial increase in coral cover was the result of high rates of growth and survival of remnant colonies, followed by a rapid increase in juvenile recruitment as colonies matured. We show that isolated reefs can recover from major disturbance, and that the benefits of their isolation from chronic anthropogenic pressures can outweigh the costs of limited connectivity.

scholarly journals DAYA DUKUNG HIJAUAN PAKAN DALAM KONSERVASI SAPI PUTIH TARO

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I W. Suarna ◽  
M. A.P. Duarsa ◽  
N. P. Mariani ◽  
L. G. Sumardani ◽  
S. A. Lindawati
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Technological Capacity ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Bali Cattle

White cattle Taro is a Bali native germplasm that must be preserved in accordancewith the mandate of the Millennium Development Goals to reduce the rate of loss ofbiodiversity as a valuable genetic resources.  At this time, the population of White cattleTaro is 34 heads, which the conditions still cause for concern because of the increasingpressure of various factors. When the white cattle graze in their natural habitat (forestTaro) White cattle Taro to reach a population of 150 animals (2001). Pressure againstwhite cow increasingly widespread because the land is narrow and increasing the amountof forage that should be provided in rotation by traditional society village of Taro. Tarovillage located in District Tegallalang, close to Districts Payangan Gianyar regency. Twodistricts are developing leading commodity Bali cattle. While White cattle Taro also requiresthe availability of forage species are the same as Bali cattle. The results showed that carryingcapacity of forage for White cattle Taro started to decline so that the necessary strategicapproach to the conservation of taro white cattle in order to accelerate the achievement ofthe millennium development. Such efforts are: 1) improving the efficiency of forageproduction 2) optimizing the utilization of forage 3) optimization of land use and cultivationof superior feed and 4) technological capacity building of local feed plant.

scholarly journals Physiology and Nutrition of Treponema primitia, an H2/ CO2-Acetogenic Spirochete from Termite Hindguts

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1307-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Graber ◽  
John A. Breznak
Keyword(s):  
Nadh Oxidase ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Termite Hindgut ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Properties

ABSTRACT Treponema primitia strains ZAS-1 and ZAS-2, the first spirochetes to be isolated from termite hindguts (J. R. Leadbetter, T. M. Schmidt, J. R. Graber, and J. A. Breznak, Science 283:686-689, 1999), were examined for nutritional, physiological, and biochemical properties relevant to growth and survival in their natural habitat. In addition to using H2 plus CO2 as substrates, these strains were capable of homoacetogenic growth on mono- and disaccharides and (in the case of ZAS-2) methoxylated benzenoids. Cells were also capable of mixotrophic growth (i.e., simultaneous utilization of H2 and organic substrates). Cell extracts of T. primitia possessed enzyme activities of the Wood/Ljungdahl (acetyl coenzyme A) pathway of acetogenesis, including tetrahydrofolate-dependent enzymes of the methyl group-forming branch. However, a folate compound was required in the medium for growth. ZAS-1 and ZAS-2 growing on H2 plus CO2 displayed H2 thresholds of 650 and 490 ppmv, respectively. Anoxic cultures of ZAS-1 and ZAS-2 maintained growth after the addition of as much as 0.5% (vol/vol) O2 to the headspace atmosphere. Cell extracts exhibited NADH and NADPH peroxidase and NADH oxidase activities but neither catalase nor superoxide dismutase activity. Results indicate that (i) T. primitia is able to exploit a variety of substrates derived from the food of its termite hosts and in so doing contributes to termite nutrition via acetogenesis, (ii) in situ growth of T. primitia is likely dependent on secretion of a folate compound(s) by other members of the gut microbiota, and (iii) cells possess enzymatic adaptations to oxidative stress, which is likely to be encountered in peripheral regions of the termite hindgut.

Porcellio spinicornis Say (Isopoda) demography. III. A comparison between field data and the results of a simulation model

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2174-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald James McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Demographic Rates ◽  
Rates Of Growth

A simulation model for a Porcellio spinicornis Say population was constructed using laboratory data for rates of growth, reproduction, and survival and using winter survival rates observed in the field. The simulated output was compared with field data collected from 1971 to 1973. The expected and observed weight distributions and reproductive periodicities showed good agreement. The expected and observed patterns of numerical change also agreed for all life-history stages, except 18-month-old individuals, which disappeared from the field counts more quickly than expected. Sensitivity analysis showed that the time at which reproduction began each year was not as critical to population growth as were the effects of minor shifts in temperature on individual growth and survival rates. Furthermore, individual growth rate emerged as the factor having the greatest effect on patterns of population growth. Since the laboratory data on growth was reasonably accurate it is probable that the simulation model adequately describes the processes that determine the changes observed in the field population monitored during this study. All of the evidence indicated that during the period of study the population did not increase or decrease and that temperature conditions modifying demographic rates could have accounted for this observation.

EFFECTS OF BT RICE ON THE FOOD CONSUMPTION, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CHILO SUPPRESSAUS LARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
WANG Shi-gui ◽  
YE Gong-yin ◽  
HU Cui ◽  
SHU Qing-yao ◽  
XIA Yin-wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Bt Rice ◽  
Different Temperatures

The influence of climatic factors on the demography of the terrestrial isopod Tracheoniscus rathkei Brandt

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2185-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Population Limitation ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Rates Of Growth

A field population of the isopod Tracheoniscus rathkei was monitored during 1971, 1972, and 1973. At the same time, laboratory data related to growth, reproduction, and survival were collected and combined to produce a simulation model. The model output was compared with the field data. In the laboratory, T. rathkei required humidities very near 100% relative humidity, day length had no effect on growth rates, and temperature altered rates of growth and survival and determined the periodicity of reproduction. In the field, T. rathkei exhibited a 2-year life cycle, breeding occurred in the spring and summer, and about 83% of the population bred once and 42% bred twice during each year. Juveniles grew throughout the fall, overwintered, reproduced at 1 year of age, continued to grow, overwintered a second time, reproduced again, and died. The simulation model mimicked this pattern with considerable precision. Both the field data and the simulated output suggested that the population expanded during 1971, 1972, and 1973. No mechanisms for population limitation were found.

scholarly journals The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Walker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Amazonas State ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Rio Negro Basin

The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is the most intensively commercialized ornamental fish from the Rio Negro Basin (Amazonas State, Brasil). Analysis of the stomach and gut contents of fish caught in their natural habitats show conclusively that the cardinal is essentially a predator, feeding on the mesofauna that adheres to submerged litter, roots and waterplants. Microcrustacea and chironomid larvae (Diptera) were the most frequently ingested prey, while algae intake was relatively infrequent. It is argued that the relatively small size of the cardinals captured in their natural habitat is due to the annual migrations imposed by the inundation cycles, rather than to resource limitation, because it is known from earlier investigations of similar habitats, that these plant substrates are densely colonized by the aquatic mesofauna. Cardinals raised in captivity are larger and have higher rates of growth.

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