Lipids of Zooplankton from Bute Inlet, British Columbia

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1577-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Storage Lipid ◽  
Pleurobrachia Pileus

Seventeen species of zooplankton representing four phyla were collected from Bute Inlet, one of the deep inlets (650 m) in British Columbia. Using lipid analysis and starvation studies, the zooplankton were divided into two categories based on whether the level of storage lipid was high or low. The polychaetaes, chaetognaths, and one of the ctenophores (Pleurobrachia pileus) were characterized by little storage lipid (neutral lipid only 7–10% of the lipid). It is assumed that these species transfer most new organic matter into new tissue rather than storage lipid. The copepods, Calanus plumchrus, Eucalanus bungi, Gaetanus columbiae, and Heterorhadus tanneri, were all characterized by high levels of storage lipid (between 53 and 90% of the lipid) and, except for Eucalanus, these consisted mainly of wax esters. The remaining zooplankters (ostracods, pteropods, euphausiids, amphipods, and decapods), except for the ctenophore, Beroe cucumis, stored primarily triglycerides. In all species examined, except B. cucumis, five fatty acids, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 20:5, and 22:6, accounted for over 90% of the total phospholipid fatty acid complement. Polyunsaturated C16 and C18 acids, which are common in phytoplankton, were absent or present in trace amounts in phospholipids but were abundant in the neutral lipids of herbivorous zooplankton. The wax esters of G. columbiae and B. cucumis had high levels of 16:0, 20:1, and 22:1 alcohols, whereas C. plumchrus had only 20:1 and 22:1 alcohols as major components.

Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (S3) ◽  
pp. 178-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Falk-Petersen ◽  
Wilhelm Hagen ◽  
Gerhard Kattner ◽  
Andrew Clarke ◽  
John Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Euphausia Superba ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
The Antarctic

Environmental seasonality is a critical factor in structuring polar marine ecosystems. The extensive data now available on the lipids of Arctic and Antarctic euphausiids show that all species are characterised by a seasonally high lipid content, and neutral lipids, whether wax esters or triacylglycerols, are primarily accumulated for reproduction. The Arctic Thysanoessa inermis and the Antarctic Euphausia crystallorophias contain high levels of wax esters and higher concentrations of 18:4(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) and a lower ratio of 18:1(n-9)/(n-7) fatty acids in their neutral lipids than the Arctic Thysanoessa raschii and the Antarctic Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia superba. Large amounts of phytol in the lipids of T. raschii and E. crystallorophias during winter suggest the ingestion of decaying algae originating in sedimenting material or in sea ice. Thysanoessa raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba have a high ratio of 18:1(n-9)/ (n-7) fatty acids, indicating animal carnivory. We conclude that T. inermis and E. crystallorophias are true high polar herbivores, while T. raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba are omnivores with a more boreal distribution. The Arctic species Thysanoessa longicaudata and Meganyctiphanes norvegica are carnivores feeding on Calanus, as indicated by high amounts of 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty acids.

scholarly journals Phospholipid Furan Fatty Acids and Ubiquinone-8: Lipid Biomarkers That May Protect Dehalococcoides Strains from Free Radicals

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8426-8433 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. White ◽  
Roland Geyer ◽  
Aaron D. Peacock ◽  
David B. Hedrick ◽  
Stephen S. Koenigsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Furan Fatty Acids ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Dehalococcoides species have a highly restricted lifestyle and are only known to derive energy from reductive dehalogenation reactions. The lipid fraction of two Dehalococcoides isolates, strains BAV1 and FL2, and a tetrachloroethene-to-ethene-dechlorinating Dehalococcoides-containing consortium were analyzed for neutral lipids and phospholipid fatty acids. Unusual phospholipid modifications, including the replacement of unsaturated fatty acids with furan fatty acids, were detected in both Dehalococcoides isolates and the mixed culture. The following three furan fatty acids are reported as present in bacterial phospholipids for the first time: 9-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu18:2ω6), 9-(5-butyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu17:2ω5), and 8-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-octanoate (Fu17:2ω6). The neutral lipids of the Dehalococcoides cultures contained unusually large amounts of benzoquinones (i.e., ubiquinones [UQ]), which is unusual for anaerobes. In particular, the UQ-8 content of Dehalococcoides was 5- to 20-fold greater than that generated in aerobically grown Escherichia coli cultures relative to the phospholipid fatty acid content. Naphthoquinone isoprenologues (MK), which are often found in anaerobically grown bacteria and archaea, were also detected. Dehalococcoides shows a difference in isoprenologue pattern between UQ-8 and MK-5 that is atypical of other bacteria capable of producing both quinone types. The difference in UQ-8 and MK-5 isoprenologue patterns strongly suggests a special function for UQ in Dehalococcoides, and Dehalococcoides may utilize structural modifications in its lipid armamentarium to protect against free radicals that are generated in the process of reductive dechlorination.

scholarly journals Neutral Lipid Biosynthesis in Engineered Escherichia coli: Jojoba Oil-Like Wax Esters and Fatty Acid Butyl Esters

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1373-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kalscheuer ◽  
Tim Stöveken ◽  
Heinrich Luftmann ◽  
Ursula Malkus ◽  
Rudolf Reichelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Jojoba Oil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT Wax esters are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols which are of considerable commercial importance and are produced on a scale of 3 million tons per year. The oil from the jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) is the main biological source of wax esters. Although it has a multitude of potential applications, the use of jojoba oil is restricted, due to its high price. In this study, we describe the establishment of heterologous wax ester biosynthesis in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain by coexpression of a fatty alcohol-producing bifunctional acyl-coenzyme A reductase from the jojoba plant and a bacterial wax ester synthase from Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1, catalyzing the esterification of fatty alcohols and coenzyme A thioesters of fatty acids. In the presence of oleate, jojoba oil-like wax esters such as palmityl oleate, palmityl palmitoleate, and oleyl oleate were produced, amounting to up to ca. 1% of the cellular dry weight. In addition to wax esters, fatty acid butyl esters were unexpectedly observed in the presence of oleate. The latter could be attributed to solvent residues of 1-butanol present in the medium component, Bacto tryptone. Neutral lipids produced in recombinant E. coli were accumulated as intracytoplasmic inclusions, demonstrating that the formation and structural integrity of bacterial lipid bodies do not require specific structural proteins. This is the first report on substantial biosynthesis and accumulation of neutral lipids in E. coli, which might open new perspectives for the biotechnological production of cheap jojoba oil equivalents from inexpensive resources employing recombinant microorganisms.

The Distribution of Neutral Lipids in Shark Tissues

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Sargent ◽  
R. R. Gatten ◽  
R. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Class ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Cholesteryl Esters ◽  
A Minor

Neutral lipid classes were analysed in the livers, muscles and sera of Deania, Centroscymnus, Squalus and Prionace. All three squaloid sharks contained triglycerides and alkyldiacylglycerols and the two deep sea squaloids contained additionally hydrocarbons. Prionace contained triglycerides and hydrocarbons but no alkyldiacylglycerols. For a given species the class compositions of the lipids were similar in liver, muscle and serum, except that serum contained additionally cholesteryl esters and wax esters. Cholesteryl esters in Squalus serum were rich in oleic acid whereas wax esters were very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Squalus serum contained a major and a minor lipoprotein species both of which transport all four neutral lipids in serum. It is concluded that, with the exception of cholesteryl and wax esters in serum, neutral lipids are distributed between shark tissues by a mechanism that is relatively non-specific with respect to lipid class.

scholarly journals Metabolism of phospholipids and the characterization of fatty acids in bovine corpus luteum

1968 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Scott ◽  
W. Hansel ◽  
L. E. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Tissue

1. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid in bovine corpora lutea; it accounted for about 50% of the total phospholipid phosphorus. Phosphatidylethanolamine (13%) and ethanolamine plasmalogen (8–9%) were the next two major components. 2. After incubation of the tissue with [32P]orthophosphate the total radioactivity and specific radioactivity of phosphatidylinositol were higher than those of any other lipid. 3. Luteinizing hormone failed to increase significantly the incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into total phospholipids from luteal tissue slices, but did stimulate progesterone synthesis and lactate production. 4. The proportion of oleate (18:1) in the neutral lipids and phospholipids was higher than that of any other fatty acid. 5. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acid in the tissue lipids exceeded 60%, and almost half of this was polyunsaturated. Arachidonate (20:4), docosatetraenoate (22:4) and docosapentaenoate (22:5) were the principal polyunsaturated fatty acids. 6. After incubation of luteal tissue with [1−14C]acetate, the greatest proportion of radioactivity in the fatty acids isolated from the total lipid fraction was in palmitate (16:0) and docosatetraenoate (22:4). Polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for almost 50% of the 14C radioactivity incorporated and this pattern was observed in phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids.

Lipid Analysis of Greek Walnut Oil (Juglans regia L.)

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Tsamouris ◽  
Sophia Hatziantoniou ◽  
Costas Demetzos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Walnut Oil

The walnut oil (Juglans regia L.) total lipids (TL) were extracted by the Bligh-Dyer method and the lipid classes have been isolated by chromatographic techniques and they were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) /FID and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in neutral lipids (96.9% of total lipids) and low in polar lipids (3.1% of total lipids). The neutral lipid fraction consisted mainly of triacylglycerides whereas the polar lipids mainly consisted of sphingolipids. GC-MS data showed that the main fatty acid was linoleic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids were found as high as 85%, while the percentage of the saturated fatty acids was found 15%. Two types of liposomes were prepared from the isolated walnut oil phospholipids and characterized as new formulations. These formulations may have future applications for encapsulation and delivery of drugs and cosmetic active ingredients.

Content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols in commercial natural phospholipid excipients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luxia Zheng ◽  
Xiong Shen ◽  
Yingchun Wang ◽  
Jian Liang ◽  
Mingming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
The Many

Background: Phospholipids are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry as functional excipients. In spite of the many analytical methods reported, there are very limited reports concerning systematic research and comparison of phospholipid excipients. Objective: To present a comprehensive evaluation of commercial natural phospholipid excipients (CNPEs). Methods: Seventeen batches of CNPEs from five manufacturing enterprises, isolated either from soybean or egg yolk, were investigated. The content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols as a whole were considered as the evaluative index of CNPEs. Eight kinds of phospholipids were determined by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), twenty-one kinds of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography (GC) after boron trifluoride-methanol derivatization, and nine kinds of sterols were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after separation and derivatization of the unsaponifiable matter. Cluster analysis was employed for classification and identification of the CNPEs. Results: The results showed that each kind of CNPEs had its characteristic content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols. Seventeen batches of samples were divided into eight groups in cluster analysis. CNPEs of the same type from different source (soybean or egg yolk) or enterprises presented different content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols. Conclusion: Each type of CNPEs had its characteristic content and composition of phospholipid, fatty acid and sterol. The compositions of phospholipid, fatty acid and sterol as a whole can be applied as an indicator of the quality and characteristics for CNPEs.

scholarly journals Elevated temperature and browning increase dietary methylmercury, but decrease essential fatty acids at the base of lake food webs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pianpian Wu ◽  
Martin J. Kainz ◽  
Fernando Valdés ◽  
Siwen Zheng ◽  
Katharina Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Aquatic Food Webs ◽  
Aquatic Food

AbstractClimate change scenarios predict increases in temperature and organic matter supply from land to water, which affect trophic transfer of nutrients and contaminants in aquatic food webs. How essential nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and potentially toxic contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), at the base of aquatic food webs will be affected under climate change scenarios, remains unclear. The objective of this outdoor mesocosm study was to examine how increased water temperature and terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter supply (tDOM; i.e., lake browning), and the interaction of both, will influence MeHg and PUFA in organisms at the base of food webs (i.e. seston; the most edible plankton size for zooplankton) in subalpine lake ecosystems. The interaction of higher temperature and tDOM increased the burden of MeHg in seston (< 40 μm) and larger sized plankton (microplankton; 40–200 μm), while the MeHg content per unit biomass remained stable. However, PUFA decreased in seston, but increased in microplankton, consisting mainly of filamentous algae, which are less readily bioavailable to zooplankton. We revealed elevated dietary exposure to MeHg, yet decreased supply of dietary PUFA to aquatic consumers with increasing temperature and tDOM supply. This experimental study provides evidence that the overall food quality at the base of aquatic food webs deteriorates during ongoing climate change scenarios by increasing the supply of toxic MeHg and lowering the dietary access to essential nutrients of consumers at higher trophic levels.

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