Effect of ACTH and Salmon Gonadotropin on Interrenal and Thyroid Activity of Gonadectomized Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Other Hand

Injection of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin preparation into gonadectomized sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) did not result in any increase in the plasma concentration of cortisol or cortisone, nor did it stimulate the activity of the interrenal tissue. On the other hand, injection of mammalian ACTH (Acthar) did result in an increase in the plasma concentration of cortisol and cortisone, and stimulated the interrenal tissue. The salmon gonadotropin preparation, however, elicited an increase in thyroid activity. The results suggest that in the salmon, ovulation is not caused by gonadotropin induced interrenal corticosteroidogenesis.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

The ontogeny of ultraviolet sensitivity, cone disappearance and regeneration in the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Novales Flamarique
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Ultraviolet Sensitivity

This study examines the spectral sensitivity and cone topography of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka throughout its life history with special emphasis on ultraviolet sensitivity. Electrophysiological recordings from the optic nerve show that ultraviolet sensitivity is greatly diminished at the smolt stage but reappears in adult fish weighing about 201 g. Concomitantly, light microscopy observations of the retina show that ultraviolet cones disappear from the dorsal and temporal retina at the smolt stage but reappear at the adult stage. These changes occur for sockeye salmon raised in fresh water or salt water after smoltification. In contrast to this ultraviolet cycle, the other cone mechanisms (short-, middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive) and the rod mechanism remain present throughout ontogeny. The natural appearance and disappearance of ultraviolet cones in salmonid retinas follows surges in blood thyroxine at critical developmental periods. Their presence coincides with times of prominent feeding on zooplankton and/or small fish that may be more visible under ultraviolet light. It is proposed that the primary function of ultraviolet cones in salmonids is to improve prey contrast.

Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1636-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

Clarithromycin Elevates the Plasma Concentration of Lenalidomide Via Inhibition of MDR1

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 3479-3479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Takezako ◽  
Masatomo Miura ◽  
Akihisa Nagata ◽  
Naohiro Sekiguchi ◽  
Takenori Niioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efflux Transporter ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Elimination Half

Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma is still lethal disease. However, the prognosis of this disease has been improving according to the administration of novel agents. Among of these novel agents, lenalidomide is confirmed the validity of consolidation-maintenance setting by a randomized controlled study. The combination of clarithromycin, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (BiRd) has led to highly durable responses in newly diagnosed myeloma (Rossi A et al 2013). However, mechanism of clarithromycin against myeloma cells is not still clear. It is believed that clarithromycin increases the area under the curve and maximum concentration levels of corticosteroids. On the other hand, clarithromycin has an ability to interact with human MDR1 (ATP-binding Cassette Sub-family B Member 1 (ABCB1), P- glycoprotein). Furthermore, lenalidomide is a substrate of MDR1, a membrane efflux transporter ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, such as the small intestine, whose activity could decrease the bioavailability of lenalidomide. Therefore, we examined whether blood concentration of lenalidomide would change with the existence of clarithromycin. Aim: To investigate whether blood concentration of lenalidomide would change with the existence of clarithromycin. Method: Lenalidomide 15 mg (Revlimid; Celgene Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was orally administered once daily at 08:00 hours according to the recommendations (day1-21) of a 28-day cycle. Dexamethasone (20mg) was administrated on day 1,8,15, and 22. Orally, from day 8 to 21, Clarithromycin 400mg was administrated twice daily. On day 7and 14 of Bird therapy, whole-blood samples were collected just before oral lenalidomide administration, and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours thereafter. Pharmacokinetic analysis of lenalidomide was carried out using the standard non-compartmental method using WinNonlin (version 5.2; Pharsight Co, Mountain View, CA). The elimination half-life was calculated from the log-linear regression of the terminal phase of the concentration–time curve using at least 3 sampling points (elimination half-life = ln2/ke; ke = elimination rate constant). The total AUC was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. Results: Twenty five patients, who were obtained written informed consent, were enrolled in this study from April 2012 to June 2014. Mean plasma lenalidomide concentrations are shown in Figure 1. According to administration of clarithromycin, plasma concentrations of lenalidomide elevated at 2, 3, and 4 hour, respectably (p=0.045, p=0.039, p=0.042). Furthermore, baseline plasma concentration of lenalidomide was not affected by administration of clarithromycin (p=0.132). On the other hand, AUC24 were not affected by addition of clarithromycin (p=0.213) (Figure 2). In some patients, blood concentration of lenalidomide extremely increased administration of clarithromycin. These patients had wild type of ABCB1, C3435T genotype (C/C) (p=0.036). The other patients who were moderate affected to clarithromycin administration were mutated types (C/T or T/T). Nineteen patients obtained at least VGPR (sCR (9), VGPR (10)). The major adverse event (AE) was skin rush; however, it was manageable, except one patient (Grade 3). Hematological AEs were well tolerable (i.e. Grade 1 or 2, thrombocytopenia). No patient died during BiRd therapy. Discussion: In MM-001 trial, lenalidomide led anti-MM response according to dose dependent manner (Richardson P, et al. 2002). In addition, hematological AEs, especially thrombocytopenia were significant related to AUC24 (p<0.001). Our trial revealed that administration of clarithromycin led to elevate the maximum concentration of lenalidomide acceding to raising the absorption via inhibition of MDR1. On the other hand, administration of clarithromycin did not affect to the baseline plasma concentration of lenalidomide, so we considered that administration of clarithromycin did not affect to renal excretion. For this reason, if the renal function was sufficient, lenalidomide was excreted immediately to urine, so, AUC24 might not rise and toxicities might be tolerable. In conclusion, clarithromycin inhibits MDR1 which is a membrane efflux transporter expressed in the small intestine and raise absorption of lenalidomide. Further studies are warranted. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Establishment of Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon Runs at Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Blackett
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Enhancement Technique ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
History Of

Runs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were established at Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska by adult spawner transplants, fry plants, and eyed-egg plants. Falls in the lake outlet formed a barrier to natural ascent of anadromous fish until construction of a fishpass in 1962. Accounts of successful introduction and development of viable and self-sustaining runs of salmon where none previously existed and the lake was inaccessible are scarce in the history of salmon fisheries on the Pacific Coast. The first sockeye returning to Frazer Lake in 1956 were produced from egg plants in 1951. Annual sockeye returns have progressively increased over a 28-yr period reaching record passage of 141 981 in 1978. Sockeye spawning has extended into new areas as returns increased. Spawning area capacity is projected to be sufficient for 365 000 sockeye while rearing area is estimated to be sufficient to support fry production from 400 000 sockeye. Sockeye returns per spawner have averaged 3.2 for six parent years (1966–71) in which returns are complete. A chinook run was created from plants of 160 000 fry over a 4-yr period beginning in 1966. Chinook have returned to spawn in specific sites of fry release above the falls and in the lower river. Key words: salmon introduction, enhancement technique, sockeye, chinook, Frazer Lake, salmon establishment

scholarly journals Modelling salmon migration as a mixture problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip McKinnell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Adult

Pulses of abundance in salmon migrations can arise from single populations arriving at different times, from multiple populations with different timing characteristics, or as a combination of these. Daily observations typically record an aggregate measure of abundance passing some location rather than the abundances of the individual components. An objective method is described that partitions a compound migration into its component parts by exploiting differences in the characteristics of each pulse. Simulated data were used to demonstrate when greater model complexity may be desirable. Three case studies of increasing complexity (Chilko Lake sockeye salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus nerka), large adult Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Fraser River salmon test fishery) demonstrate how the model can be applied in practice. Results indicated that Chilko Lake smolts rarely emigrate to sea as a single pulse, that the dates used to distinguish the spring run of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River may be overestimating its abundance, and that pulses of sockeye salmon abundance in a Fraser River ocean test fishery in 2014 may have arisen from some factor other than population composition.

scholarly journals Beavers, Castor canadensis, Feeding on Salmon Carcasses: Opportunistic Use of a Seasonally Superabundant Food Source

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Gleason ◽  
Ryan A. Hoffman ◽  
James M. Wendland
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streams And Rivers ◽  
Southcentral Alaska ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Salmon Carcasses

We report observations of Beavers (Castor canadensis) foraging and feeding on discarded Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) carcasses within the confines of the Susitna River drainage in southcentral Alaska on three separate occasions between 1999 and 2004. In all three instances, Beavers were observed actively seeking out freshly discarded carcasses or transporting “fresh” salmon carcasses in their mouths. In one instance, Beavers were seen using their dextrous forefeet to “handle” chunks of salmon while hunched over carcasses and in this case we actually witnessed Beavers “chewing” and ingestion was assumed. In the other two instances, Beavers were observed swimming with salmon carcasses in their mouths. Though unique within the framework of Beaver foraging ecology, we suggest this behavior may be a fairly common strategy employed by Beavers in Alaskan streams and rivers to take advantage of a seasonally superabundant source of protein.

Resumption of Feeding by and Survival of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Following Advanced Gonad Development

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
First Time

Adult, migrating, fasting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held in captivity in fresh water without spawning well beyond the time when they would normally have done so and died. A few of the fish were then gonadectomized and force feeding was begun. A few unoperated fish were fed similarly while the remainder served as unoperated, unfed controls. The gonads of the operated fish were well developed. After a period of feeding of about four months some fish in each group had survived. The fed fish had regained their green color and much of their weight and vigor, while the surviving unfed fish were extremely emaciated and listless. At this time voluntary feeding by the force-fed fish was observed for the first time, and it was then found that the five surviving unfed controls would also take food voluntarily. While two of these fish died without apparent improvement in their condition, the other three gradually regained green color, weight and vigor.

Differential effect of formalin preservation on yolk and tissue of young chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1608-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Heming ◽  
R. P. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid ◽  
Egg Composition ◽  
Formalin Preservation ◽  
Neutral Formalin

Preservation in 5% neutral formalin for periods up to 50 days differentially increased the yolk and tissue weight of young chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Yolk gained relatively more weight than tissue. As a result, intact alevins showed a net weight gain during preservation, the magnitude of which was related to the amounts of yolk and tissue present at preservation. No single correction factor was generally applicable to compensate for weight changes in preserved alevins. On the other hand, preservation had little effect on weight of intact chinook eggs, regardless of egg composition. Presumably, increases in yolk and tissue weights of preserved eggs were masked by loss of perivitelline fluid.

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