Growth Stimulation and Biochemical Changes in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Exposed to Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent for 200 Days

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McLeay ◽  
D. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Resistance To Stress

Juvenile coho salmon were exposed for 200 days to neutralized, filtered bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.25 of the samples' 96-h LC50 values. From 50 to 200 days, mean weights of fish exposed to 0.25 LC50 BKME were significantly higher than control values; those of fish in 0.1 LC50 BKME were consistently but not significantly higher than control weights. By 200 days, mean weight of fish receiving the higher BKME concentration was twice that of controls. Length and condition factor of this group of fish were also increased. Growth results are considered in terms of BKME-induced behavioral changes, increased nutrient supply, effluent salinity, hormetic effects, and hormonal changes.Lactate levels were elevated in the blood and muscle of coho fry exposed to the higher BKME concentration only; serum pyruvate levels were decreased in fish receiving either concentration. The serum lactic acid:pyruvic acid ratio was increased in both groups of fish continuously exposed to BKME. It was concluded that these fish had developed an oxygen debt.Plasma glucose levels were elevated in BKME-exposed fish. The liver muscle glycogen ratio was increased in fish held in 0.1 or 0.25 LC50 BKME for 200 days. Body moisture and lipid content were not altered by prolonged exposure to BKME. Body protein content was decreased in those exposed to 0.25 LC50 effluent. Total blood cell, erythrocyte, leukocyte–thrombocyte and differential leukocyte counts were not altered. Numbers of circulating neutrophils were increased by the higher effluent concentration.The chronic stress response pattern displayed was similar to a previously proposed stage of resistance to stress for mammals.

Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Treated Effluent

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation

Effects of Acute Exposure to Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Rest and Exercise

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McLeay ◽  
D. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Glycogen Stores

In the static study (no exercise), liver glycogen stores were unchanged during 12-h exposure to 0.8 of the 96-h LC50; longer exposures caused a progressive decrease to levels one fifth those of controls at 72 h. Plasma glucose levels in fish held in 0.8 LC50 effluent for 3–96 h were elevated; at 96 h, glucose had increased threefold. Mean values for plasma lactate were elevated significantly at 3, 6, 24, 72, and 96 h.In the exercise (swimming one body length per second)–rest study, muscle glycogen levels decreased 53–78% during exercise in water or effluent (0.7 LC50) for 4–12 h, and did not recover during 12-h rest in water. Muscle glycogen for fish exercised for 12 h in effluent and then rested for 4 or 12 h in effluent was lower compared to values for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in water. There was no difference in liver glycogen levels offish exercised in effluent or water for 4–12 h. Values of liver glycogen for fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and then rested for 4, 8, or 12 h in effluent decreased 60–70% compared to fish exercised in water for 12 h and then rested in water and by 55–65% from fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and rested in water for 4–12 h. Plasma glucose levels were elevated one- to fourfold during exercise in water or effluent. Fish resting in water for 4, 8, or 12 h following exercise in water had relatively stable glucose levels; whereas for fish exercised and then rested in effluent the glucose levels increased twofold during resting. Plasma lactate levels were elevated five- to sixfold during exercise in water or effluent for 4–12 h, declining to values 1–2 times those of stock fish within 4-h rest. Plasma lactate levels for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in effluent or water were continually higher than those for fish exercised and rested in water.It was concluded that measurement of carbohydrate metabolites, particularly blood sugar levels, in unexercised fish could prove useful as a rapid method for measuring toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other pollutants.

scholarly journals Uptake and Effects of Cylindrospermopsin: Biochemical, Physiological and Biometric Responses in The Submerged Macrophyte Egeria densa Planch

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Nelida Cecilia Flores-Rojas ◽  
Maranda Esterhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Antioxidative Enzyme ◽  
Submerged Macrophyte ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibition ◽  
Egeria Densa ◽  
Environmental Concentrations ◽  
Antioxidative Enzyme Activities

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is being detected in surface waters more commonly and frequently worldwide. This stable, extracellular cyanotoxin causes protein synthesis inhibition, thus posing a risk to aquatic biota, including macrophytes, which serve as primary producers. Nevertheless, data regarding the effects caused by environmental concentrations of CYN is still limited. In the presented study, the uptake of CYN at environmental concentrations by the submerged macrophyte Egeria densa was investigated. Bioaccumulation, changes in the plant biomass, as well as shoot-length were assessed as responses. Variations in the cellular H2O2 levels, antioxidative enzyme activities, as well as concentrations and ratios of the photosynthetic pigments were also measured. E. densa removed 54% of CYN within 24 h and up to 68% after 336 h; however, CYN was not bioaccumulated. The antioxidative enzyme system was activated by CYN exposure. Pigment concentrations decreased with exposure but normalized after 168 h. The chlorophyll a to b ratio increased but normalized quickly thereafter. Carotenoids and the ratio of carotenoids to total chlorophylls increased after 96 h suggesting participation in the antioxidative system. Growth stimulation was observed. The ability to remove CYN and resistance to CYN toxicity within 14 days proved E. densa as suitable for phytoremediation; nonetheless, prolonged exposure (32 days) resulted in adverse effects related to CYN uptake, which needs to be studied further.

scholarly journals Comparative Efficacies of Terbinafine and Fluconazole in Treatment of Experimental Coccidioidal Meningitis in a Rabbit Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 3087-3091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Sorensen ◽  
Raymond A. Sobel ◽  
Karl V. Clemons ◽  
Leilani Calderon ◽  
Kimberley J. Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Treatment ◽  
White Male ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 200 ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

ABSTRACT A rabbit model of coccidioidal meningitis was used to compare the therapeutic efficacies of terbinafine (TBF) and fluconazole (FCZ). Hydrocortisone acetate-treated New Zealand White male rabbits were infected intracisternally with either 2.2 × 104 or 6.4 × 104 Coccidioides immitisarthroconidia. Oral treatment with polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG) twice daily (n = 8), TBF twice daily (n = 9; 200 mg/kg of body weight/day), or FCZ once daily (n= 8; 80 mg/kg/day) began on day 5 and continued for 21 days. Mean survival times were 20, 24, and 32 days for rabbits treated with PEG, TBF, and FCZ, respectively. All of the FCZ-treated animals (100%;P = 0.003), 56% of the TBF-treated animals (P = 0.4), and 25% of the PEG-treated animals survived the length of the study. Both FCZ and TBF were effective at reducing the incidence of paresis. Only FCZ was effective at reducing most neurological and systemic signs. FCZ treatments resulted in lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentrations and leukocyte counts and faster clearing of CSF fungal cultures compared with those for PEG-treated controls, but TBF treatments had no significant effect on these parameters. Neither drug affected CSF glucose levels. Mean serum TBF levels by bioassay were within the range of 3.5 to 6.2 μg/ml at 1, 2, and 4 h postdosing and 0.35 to 7.0 μg/ml at 14 h postdosing. No TBF was detected in CSF. Mean FCZ levels (24 to 25.5 h postdosing) by bioassay were 16.4 to 19.2 and 13.5 to 19.2 μg/ml in serum and CSF, respectively. The reduction in the numbers of CFU in the spinal cord and brain was over 100-fold (P= 0.0005) in FCZ-treated animals and 2-fold (P ≤ 0.2) in TBF-treated animals compared with those in PEG-treated animals. Histopathologic severity (semiquantitative scoring system) was significantly attenuated by FCZ treatment (P = 0.05) and was slightly attenuated by TBF treatment compared with that for the controls. In conclusion, TBF appeared to have a slight effect on survival, histology, and reduction of the numbers of CFU in tissue; however, these effects were not significant. FCZ was effective at controlling coccidioidal meningitis.

Effect of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on the Survival of Starved Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2528-2530
Author(s):  
D. A. Brown ◽  
D. J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Starved coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings were exposed to "sublethal" concentrations of neutralized bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME). Time to death was similar in the control group, in fish continuously exposed to BKME concentrations equivalent to 0.05–0.4 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values, and in fish exposed to a treated (foam-stripped) portion of the samples at a volume equivalent to 0.7 LC50 for untreated effluent. Time to death decreased progressively in groups exposed to effluent concentrations higher than 0.4 of the 96-h LC50.

scholarly journals Effects of pepper extract in suckling lamb feed: Growth performance, metabolism, and oxidative responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Giorgio de Oliveia Cécere ◽  
Vitor Luiz Molosse ◽  
Guilherme Luiz Deolindo ◽  
Vanessa Dazuk ◽  
Anielen Dutra Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether the inclusion of pepper extract would improve health in suckling lambs, stimulating antioxidant activity, and improving performance. We used Lacaune lambs distributed in four treatments, with four repetitions per treatment and three lambs per repetition: control group (T0) and treatments T1, T2, and T3 that received 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of pepper extract, respectively. Groups T1 and T2 consumed more significant amounts of silage than group T0, and animals from group T1 consumed more concentrate and, consequently, consumed more solids. The addition of pepper extract enhanced growth performance, with the lowest dose (T1) giving rise to the most significant weight gain, average daily gain, and body weight, compared to T0. Regression analysis showed that the optimum point for pepper extract supplementation was 301.5 mg/kg. The levels of total protein and globulins were significantly higher for animals supplemented with pepper extract (day 28) than the control; the concentrations of albumin and urea increased over time but did not differ significantly among treatments. Serum glucose levels decreased significantly over time; however, the groups supplemented with pepper extract showed higher concentrations than group T0. The hematocrit was significantly higher in groups fed pepper extract; hemoglobin concentrations were also more significant, increasing over time in both groups. The groups that consumed the pepper extract had higher leukocyte counts due to greater lymphocytes and neutrophils. Levels of non-protein thiols increased significantly over time, while lipid peroxidation levels decreased significantly in all groups. The concentrations of reactive oxygen species significantly decreased in the serum of group T3 animals, those fed with pepper extract (day 28), compared to the control. In general, the addition of pepper extract in lamb feed can enhance weight gain, increase antioxidant levels, and stimulate the production of leukocytes and globulins in lambs.

scholarly journals Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations

2021 ◽  
pp. 2984-2995
Author(s):  
I. Hernández-Avalos ◽  
D. Mota-Rojas ◽  
J. E. Mendoza-Flores ◽  
A. Casas-Alvarado ◽  
K. Flores-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Multiple Factors

Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral alterations associated with pain and anxiety in equines. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of diverse sources on the topic. The article begins by describing the neurophysiological pathway of pain, followed by a discussion of the importance of the limbic system in responses to pain and anxiety, since prolonged exposure to situations that cause stress and pain generates such physiological changes as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hyperthermia, and heart rate variability (HRV), often accompanied by altered emotional states, deficient rest, and even aggressiveness. In the long term, animals may show deficiencies in their ability to deal with changes in the environment due to alterations in the functioning of their immune, nervous, and endocrinologic systems. In conclusion, pain and anxiety directly impact the homeostasis of organisms, so it is necessary to conduct objective evaluations of both sensations using behavioral scales, like the horse grimace scale, complemented by assessments of blood biomarkers to analyze their correlation with physiological parameters: Heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, the parasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature. Additional tools – infrared thermography, for example – can also be used in these efforts to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.

Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on weight gain, body composition, serum glucose and triglyceride levels, and liver function of striped bass

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Curry Woods ◽  
Doug Yust ◽  
Charles McLeod ◽  
Mark Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels

A 12 week feeding experiment was conducted with juvenile, full sibling striped bass (Morone saxatilis) to evaluate three practical diets with protein:energy ratios of 26.9 (diet 1), 31.1 (diet 2), 35.7 (diet 3) g protein/MJ energy. Survival was high in all three diets, however, growth in diet 1 and 2 was significantly less than in diet 3. Proximate composition of whole fish indicated that striped bass fed Diet 1, with the lowest level of metabolizable energy but the lowest protein:energy ratio, had significantly higher lipid content compared to the remaining diets. Conversely, diet 3, with the highest level of metabolizable energy and the highest protein:energy ratio, was the only diet with an increased whole body protein content. Serum levels of triglycerides increased significantly in all treatments when compared with pre-experimental levels, but were lowest in diet 3. Serum glucose levels dropped from pre-experimental levels in all treatments except diet 1. A linear increase in both lipids and carbohydrates stored in the cytoplasm of the liver hepatocytes was observed with increasing metabolizable energy content of the diets. Hepatocellular swelling was observed in fish fed all three diets. However, the two lower protein:energy ratio diets caused significantly greater swelling of hepatocytes than did the highest protein:energy ratio diet. These data indicate that similar practical diets with less than 34 g protein/MJ may be inappropriate for juvenile striped bass.

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