Uptake of Methyl Mercuric Chloride and Mercuric Chloride by Trout: A Study of Uptake Pathways into the Whole Animal and Uptake by Erythrocytes in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Harold L. Bergman ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
High Affinity

Twenty-four hour uptake rate of either 203HgCl2 or CH3203HgCl by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was not affected by esophageal ligation. Uptake of these two mercurials in non-feeding trout appears to be by way of the gills. Methyl mercury enters the fish at a faster rate than the inorganic form and anomalous tissue distribution of these two mercurials suggests that inorganic mercury does not require methylation prior to entry into the fish.In vitro experiments using radioactive mercurials demonstrated high affinity of methyl mercury for red cells (up to 90% was bound to red cells in 40 min). Only 9% of inorganic mercury was taken up by red cells, but, this percentage was increased up to 65% if the cells were washed and suspended in Ringer solution prior to incubation with mercury.

Mercury Uptake and Ion Distribution in Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Tissue Scans with an Electron Microprobe

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Mercury Uptake

Mercury was found in gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) which had been exposed to inorganic mercury but not in those exposed to methyl mercury. No specific site for mercury uptake was identified and it is suggested that inorganic mercury enters the gill across the general lamellar surface. High concentrations were found associated with the gill cartilage. Since little ion diffusion occurs during tissue preparation, localization and/or identification of tissues can be accomplished by scans for various elements: sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S). The technique is not suitable for identification of highly volatile compounds such as methyl mercury due to the necessity of subjecting tissues to high vacuum conditions, however, we believe electron probe analyses should be useful in studies of active ion transport systems in gill tissue and in investigations of the effects of heavy metal pollutants on fishes.

Acute Toxicity of Methyl Mercury Chloride and Mercuric Chloride for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fry and Fingerlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2005-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wobeser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Chloride

The median tolerance limit (MTL) for methyl mercury chloride at 24, 48, and 96 h was 0.084, 0.045, and 0.024 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fry; and 0.125, 0.066, and 0.042 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fingerlings. The MTL (24 h) for mercuric chloride for fingerlings was 0.90 mg/liter as mercury. Fingerlings exposed to methyl mercury chloride concentrated mercury in their tissues much more rapidly than did those exposed to mercuric chloride. The acute toxic action of both compounds was exerted on the gills. Mercuric chloride caused severe epithelial necrosis. Poisoning by methyl mercuric chloride was characterized by epithelial cell swelling and hyperplasia, a marked increase in the number of epithelial cells in mitosis, and terminal epithelial desquamation.

Myocardial CO2 buffering: role of transmembrane transport of H+ or HCO3-ions

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Strome ◽  
RL Clancy ◽  
NC Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Transport ◽  
High Degree

Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with rabbit red cells suspended in Ringer solution. A small volume of perfusate was recirculated for 10 min at Pco2 of 33.4 +/- 0.9 or 150.8 +/- 7.5 mmHg. Hypercapnia resulted in an increase in perfusate HCO3- concentration that was smaller than that observed when isolated perfusate was equilibrated in vitro with the same CO2 tensions (delta HCO-3e = 1.6 mM, P less than 0.01). This difference is consistent with a net movement of HCO3- into or H+ out of the mycardial cell, and cannot be accounted for by dilution of HCO3- in the myocardial interstitium. Recirculation of perfusate through the coronary circulation at normal Pco2 for two consecutive 10-min periods was not followed by changes in perfusate HCO3- concentration. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.81) was observed between intracellular HCO-3e concentration and the corresponding delta HCO-3e in individual experiments. The results suggest that transmembrane exchange of H+ or HCO3- is a buffer mechanism for CO2 in the myocardial cell.

Effect of epinephrine on vascular space of gills and head of rainbow trout

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (6) ◽  
pp. 1555-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Girard ◽  
P Payan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Vascular Space

The filling of the gills and head vascular space of a teleost fish was measured in vitro by perfusing an isolated head of a trout with a Ringer solution containing 131I-labeled human serum albumin. The presence of epinephrine in the Ringer solution significantly increased afferent (ventral aortic) flow rate and efferent (dorsal aorta) flow rate, whereas branchial venous system circulation was reduced. When perfused with an epinephrine-free Ringer, the branchial vascular space appears 5-6 times greater than the head vascular space (per 100 g of tissue). Epinephrine, 10(-5) M, in the Ringer solution significantly decreased the branchial vascular space without modifying that of the head. The increase in perfusion rate and decrease in branchial vascular space due to the epinephrine can only be interpreted by taking into account a branchial nonlamellar compartment of a considerable volume.

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