Effects of Temperature on Embryonic Development of Lake Herring (Coregonus artedii)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Colby ◽  
L. T. Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Coregonus Artedii ◽  
Washtenaw County ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Lake Herring

Embryonic development of lake herring (Coregonus artedii) was observed in the laboratory at 13 constant temperatures from 0.0 to 12.1 C and in Pickerel Lake (Washtenaw County, Michigan) at natural temperature regimes. Rate of development during incubation was based on progression of the embryos through 20 identifiable stages.An equation was derived to predict development stage at constant temperatures, on the general assumption that development stage [Formula: see text] is a function of time (days, D) and temperature (T). The equation should also be useful in interpreting estimates from future regressions that include other environmental variables that affect egg development.A second regression model, derived primarily for fluctuating temperatures, related development rate for stage [Formula: see text], expressed as the reciprocal of time, to temperature (x). The generalized equation for a development stage is:[Formula: see text]In general, time required for embryos to reach each stage of development in Pickerel Lake agreed closely with the time predicted from this equation, derived from our laboratory observations. Hatching time was predicted within 1 day in 1969 and within 2 days in 1970.We used the equations derived with the second model to predict the effect of the super-imposition of temperature increases of 1 and 2 C on the measured temperatures in Pickerel Lake. Conceivably, hatching dates could be affected sufficiently to jeopardize the first feeding of lake herring through loss of harmony between hatching date and seasonal food availability.

scholarly journals Egg morphology, larval development and description of the oncomiracidium of Heterobothrium ecuadori (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) parasitising the bullseye pufferfish, Sphoeroides annulatus

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grano-Maldonado ◽  
A. Roque ◽  
H. Aguirre ◽  
E. Fajer-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Egg Morphology ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThe present study is the first description of the egg morphology, embryonic development, and time required for hatching, and longevity of the oncomiracidium of Heterobothrium ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Sproston, 1946. Experiments found that hatching time fluctuated between 7 and 10 days with a mean of 7.5 ± 1 days at 23 ± 1° C and 35 ‰. Eggs were provided with a polar filamentous appendage. The body of the oncomiracidium was flattened dorso-ventrally, 156 ± 9 μm long and 65 ± 8 μm wide. A full description of the egg development and morphology of the oncomiracidium is provided. The longevity of the oncomiracidia was 4–7 days at 21 ± 1°C, with a mean survival time of 121.8h. The ability to rear diclidophorids like H. ecuadori and to record precise information on their development provides valuable data for further studies.

Expression of G-CSF Receptor during Embryonic Development in a Csf3r-Cre Knock-In Mouse Model.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2233-2233
Author(s):  
Ivo P. Touw ◽  
Marijke Valkhof ◽  
Stefan J. Erkeland ◽  
Karel Meijers ◽  
Astrid Danen-van Oorschot
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Hepatic Regeneration ◽  
Stage Of Development

Abstract G-CSF is the major regulator of neutrophil development and controls the proliferation, differentiation and survival of myeloid progenitors in both steady state and “emergency” granulopoiesis. More recently however, novel activities of the G-CSF/G-CSF receptor (CSF3R) axis have been suggested, especially after severe forms of tissue damage. For instance, upon myocardial infarction, G-CSF was shown to protect cardiomyocytes from apoptosis, reducing the extent of myocardial damage. Likewise, in ischemic stroke models, G-CSF treatment reduced infarct volumes by promoting neuronal survival and differentiation of neural stem cells in the brain. Finally, G-CSF has been suggested to promote hepatic regeneration after severe liver damage by directly stimulating the proliferation of oval cells. To study whether and to what extent CSF3R expression in damaged tissues reflects reactivation of a normal development program, we generated a csf3r-Cre knock-in model. To this end, the csf3r locus was targeted with a construct containing the cre gene and a puromycin selection cassette flanked by a 2.7 kb fragment of the csf3r 5′UTR and a 4 kb fragment directly downstream of the initiation codon of csf3r. Correct insertion of the cre gene was confirmed by Southern blotting and sequence analysis and subsequent crossing with FLP deleter mice resulted in successful germ line transmission and deletion of the puromycin cassette. These mice were crossed with the R26R LacZ reporter mouse and β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity was examined by FACS and histochemical analysis. At E9.5, no β-gal activity was detected, indicating that csf3r is not expressed at that stage of development. In contrast, in E12.5 embryos, β-gal staining was observed in fetal liver, heart, kidney, brain and intestine. Analysis of adult tissues showed that cardiomyocytes were β-gal positive in a mosaic pattern. A similar mosaicism was observed in liver, kidney and the intestines. In liver both hepatocytes and vascular endothelial cells stained positive, whereas in the kidney β-gal staining was detected in vascular endothelium, glomeruli and afferent and efferent vessels. In ileum and colon, β-gal activity was mainly seen in the stem and progenitor cell-containing crypts and the developing progeny migrating upwards along the villus. In bone marrow, high levels (>40%) of β-gal activity were detected in Gr1+ and CD11b+ myeloid cells, CD19+ (B) and CD3ε+ (T) lymphoid cells, NK cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells, indicating that G-CSFR was expressed in a common progenitor of these cell types. In agreement with this, β-gal activity was also detected in the primitive LSK population. In conclusion, our data indicate that CSF3R is expressed in both hematopoietic and multiple non-hematopoietic organs from embryonic development stage E12.5 onward. This may have important ramifications for a more wide-spread application of G-CSF in tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Experiments on skeletal growth and development in vitro in relation to the problem of avian phokomelia

1935 ◽  
Vol 118 (807) ◽  
pp. 133-154 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Continue Development ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Stage Of Development

The experiments to be reported in the following pages were suggested by observations made by one of us on the so-called Creeper fowl. Creeper chickens are characterized by a disproportionate shortness of the long bones of the extremities. Histological study has shown that Creeper chickens belong in the same category as the disproportionate dwarfism of mammals known as chondrodystrophy or achondroplasia (Landauer, 1931) . The Creeper characters are inherited as a Mendelian dominant and are lethal in homozygous condition (Landauer and Dunn, 1930). Homozygous Creeper embryos generally die after about 72 hours of incubation, but in rare cases they survive beyond this stage and continue development up to nearly hatching time. These late stages of homozygous Creeper embryos exhibit striking malformations of the extremities which are known as phokomelia (Landauer, 1933). A study of the early embryonic development of homozygous Creeper embryos (Landauer, 1932) led to the conclusion that the effects of the Creeper mutation are not brought about by specific gene action on those body parts which later show deformities, but by a general retardation of body growth at a definite stage of development. This conclusion was strengthened by a detailed comparison of embryonic and post-natal bone growth in heterozygous Creeper and normal chickens (Landauer, 1934). All evidence which so far has been obtained in this work points to the conclusion that the characteristic traits of heterozygous as well as homozygous Creeper chicks are produced by an unspecific retardation of development at a time when formation of the buds of the extremities (and of the head which in homozygous embryos also shows deformities later on) are proceeding at a particularly rapid rate, thereby causing specific disturbances in the differentiation of these parts. It seemed to us that it should be possible to put these conclusions to an experimental test. The most promising way of approach appeared to be an attempt to produce in vitro the extreme abnormalities of bone formation shown by the extremities of phokomelic homozygous Creeper embryos. These abnormalities chiefly consist in (1) a general retardation of cartilage differentiation; (2) lack of bone formation; and (3) frequent partial fusion of ulna and radius on the one hand, tibia and fibula on the other, or presence of only one bone in these segments instead of two.

scholarly journals Reproductive strategy, egg characteristics and embryonic development of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Domínguez-Petit ◽  
Patrick Ouellet ◽  
Yvan Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Greenland Halibut ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Greenland Halibut Reinhardtius Hippoglossoides ◽  
Reinhardtius Hippoglossoides

Abstract Domínguez-Petit, R., Ouellet, P., and Lambert, Y. 2013. Reproductive strategy, egg characteristics and embryonic development of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 342–351. Despite the commercial importance of Greenland halibut (GH), important gaps exist in our knowledge of the reproductive and early life stage biology for this species. The present study examined through laboratory experiments the spawning strategy, realized fecundity, egg characteristics, biochemical composition, and embryonic development of GH. The results confirmed the hypothesis that GH is a single-batch spawner producing large eggs, resulting in low realized fecundity. Embryonic development and hatching time are highly dependent on incubation temperature; 50% hatching occurred after 46, 30, and 24 days at 2, 4, and 6°C, respectively. Few changes in the biochemical composition of the eggs are observed during embryonic development. Newly hatched larvae are not well developed, having a large yolk sac, no pigmentation and incomplete development of the jaws. Egg specific density confirmed the mesopelagic distribution of the eggs at sea. However, important buoyancy changes occurring in the last 3–4 days before hatching indicate that larvae hatch higher in the water column. These results are important for understanding advection and dispersion processes of GH eggs and larvae and the connectivity between spawning grounds and nursery areas.

Effects of Quillaja Saponin (Quillaja saponaria) on Early Embryonic Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif M. Hassan ◽  
Eid. A. Moussa ◽  
Louise C. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Quillaja Saponaria ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Morphological Deformities ◽  
Quillaja Saponin

Although much attention has focused on environmental contamination by heavy metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls, potential deleterious effects of naturally occurring organic compounds have received much less consideration. Saponins, which are glycosides found in many plants, are important, environmentally ubiquitous organic compounds. Saponins have both beneficial and deleterious effects in adults, but little is known about how saponins effect early vertebrate embryonic development. The authors tested the toxicity of quillaja saponin using a zebrafish embryo assay. Quillaja saponin, extracted from bark of the tree, Quillaja saponaria, is a common foaming agent used in foods and beverages. At 6 h post fertilization, zebrafish embryos were exposed to five concentrations (0 [negative control], 1, 5, 10 or 20 μg) of quillaja saponin per milliliter of medium. Zebrafish embryos exposed to 2% ethanol were positive controls (100% embryonic death). Embryos were assessed at 30, 54, and 72 h post fertilization for changes in embryonic development, mortality, time of hatching, and morphological deformities. Embryos exposed to 1 and 5 μg saponin were healthy, showed no obvious deformities, but exhibited shrinkage of the chorion. Hatching time for zebrafish embryos exposed to 1 and 5 μg/ml saponin decreased by 18 h compared to unexposed embryos. Zebrafish embryos treated with 5 μg/ml saponin responded less to touch than embryos treated with 1 μg/ml saponin or controls. Zebrafish embryos exposed to more than 5 μg/ml saponin exhibited 100% embryonic mortality. These results indicate that exposure to 5 μg/ml or less of quillaja saponin acts as a growth promoter, whereas concentrations of 10 μg/ml or greater are lethal.

In vitro analysis of glucose metabolism and embryonic growth in postimplantation rat embryos

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development

The glucose metabolism and embryonic development of rat embryos during organogenesis was studied using embryo culture. Glucose uptake and embryonic growth and differentiation of 10.5-day explants (embryos + membranes) were limited by the decreasing glucose concentration, but not the increasing concentration of metabolites, in the culture media during the second 24 h of a 48 h culture. No such limitations were found on the embryonic development of 9.5-day explants during a 48 h culture although glucose uptake was slightly reduced at very low concentrations of glucose. From the head-fold stage to the 25-somite stage of development, glucose uptake was characteristic of the stage of development of the embryo and not the time it had been in culture. Embryonic growth of 9.5-day explants was similar to that previously observed in vivo. Glucose uptake by 9.5-day explants was dependent on the surface area of the yolk sac and was independent of the glucose concentration in the culture media (within the range of 9.4 to 2.5 mM). The proportion of glucose converted to lactate was 100% during the first 42h of culture then fell to about 50% during the final 6h. The protein contents of both the extraembryonic membranes and the embryo were dependent on the glucose uptake.

scholarly journals Xenopus gpx3 Mediates Posterior Development by Regulating Cell Death during Embryogenesis

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Hongchan Lee ◽  
Tayaba Ismail ◽  
Youni Kim ◽  
Shinhyeok Chae ◽  
Hong-Yeoul Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Peroxidase Mimic ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Stage Of Development

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family of selenoproteins and is a key antioxidant enzyme in multicellular organisms against oxidative damage. Downregulation of GPx3 affects tumor progression and metastasis and is associated with liver and heart disease. However, the physiological significance of GPx3 in vertebrate embryonic development remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the functional roles of gpx3 during embryogenesis. To this end, we determined gpx3’s spatiotemporal expression using Xenopus laevis as a model organism. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated the zygotic nature of this gene. Interestingly, the expression of gpx3 enhanced during the tailbud stage of development, and whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis revealed gpx3 localization in prospective tail region of developing embryo. gpx3 knockdown using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) resulted in short post-anal tails, and these malformed tails were significantly rescued by glutathione peroxidase mimic ebselen. The gene expression analysis indicated that gpx3 knockdown significantly altered the expression of genes associated with Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways involved in tailbud development. Moreover, RNA sequencing identified that gpx3 plays a role in regulation of cell death in the developing embryo. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and phospho-histone 3 (PH3) staining confirmed the association of gpx3 knockdown with increased cell death and decreased cell proliferation in tail region of developing embryos, establishing the involvement of gpx3 in tailbud development by regulating the cell death. Furthermore, these findings are inter-related with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in gpx3 knockdown embryos, as measured by using a redox-sensitive fluorescent probe HyPer. Taken together, our results suggest that gpx3 plays a critical role in posterior embryonic development by regulating cell death and proliferation during vertebrate embryogenesis.

146 Quercetin supplementation during boar semen thawing and incubation improves the in vitro production of pig embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
E. Hicks ◽  
E. Winn ◽  
B. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Morphological Deformities

Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in the in vitro environment cause oxidative stress, which leads to membrane damage, decreased fertility, and morphological deformities of spermatozoa. Antioxidants, such as quercetin (a polyphenol flavonoid), are often supplemented to reduce the effects of oxidative stress on spermatozoa. Supplementing frozen-thawed boar semen with quercetin improves sperm forward progressive motility, viability and lipid peroxidation up to 10h after thawing. However, the effects of fertilizing with quercetin-supplemented sperm are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing quercetin (0.25, 0.50, 0.75mM) during the thawing and incubation of frozen-thawed boar semen on oocyte fertilization characteristics (n=400) and subsequent embryonic development (n=1340) at 48 and 144h for cleavage and blastocyst formation, respectively. Oocytes from aspired aspirated mature follicles (3-6mm diameter) were obtained from a local abattoir and matured in medium 199 for 40 to 44h at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Fertilization was performed using pooled frozen-thawed semen from 3 different boars, and co-incubation of the sperm (2×105 sperm mL−1) and oocytes (30 oocytes/well) lasted for 6 to 8h at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Data were analysed using ANOVA with the main effects including treatment, well and replicate. Chi-squared analysis was used to determine percentages of embryos reaching the different developmental stages for each treatment. There were no differences in penetration rates and male pronuclear formation between treatment groups; however, supplementation of 0.25 (18.18±10.63%), 0.50 (20.93±9.89%) and 0.75mM (18.07±12.02%) quercetin significantly decreased (P<0.05) polyspermic penetration rates compared with no supplementation (40.00±11.34%). Embryos produced from frozen-thawed boar sperm supplemented with 0.25 and 0.50mM quercetin had a significantly higher percentage (P<0.05) of embryos reaching the 2-cell stage of development by 48h after IVF (75.00±7.89%, 68.75±2.23%, respectively) compared with 0.75mM quercetin supplementation (64.62±3.88%) and no supplementation (62.97±4.11%). Supplementation of 0.25 (44.12±6.23%), 0.50 (43.75±7.02%) and 0.75mM (43.08±2.98%) quercetin to the sperm significantly increased (P<0.05) the percentage of embryos reaching the blastocyst stage of development by 144h after IVF compared with no supplementation (28.27±8.07%). These results indicate that supplementing frozen-thawed boar semen with quercetin decreases the incidence of polyspermic penetration and improves early embryonic development in pigs.

scholarly journals Embryonic development of the estuarine crab Neosarmatium indicum (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from the mangroves of the Okinawa Island, Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Moniruzzaman Sarker ◽  
Sirajul Islam ◽  
Tsuyoshi Uehara
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Kandelia Candel ◽  
Continuous Observation ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Mangrove Swamp ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fertilized Egg

The complete embryonic development of the mangrove sesarmid crab Neosarmatium indicum (A. Milne Edwards, 1868) was described based on internal and external morphological changes in live fertilized eggs reared in the laboratory. Several pairs of N. indicum were collected from the Nuha River mangrove swamp of the southern Okinawa Island, Japan, which is consisted mainly with the mangrove Kandelia candel, and densely populated by the genus Perisesarma and Neosarmatium indicum . The fertilized eggs were macrolecithal, centrolecithal and spherical in shape, filled with uniform dark olive colour, without evidence of any development. The diameter of fertilized egg was 0.36 mm, which increased to 0.47 mm before hatching. Embryo development from fertilized eggs to hatching (first zoea stage) lasted average of 16 days at 25°C and salinity at 80‰. Sixteen stages of embryonic development were categorized by following continuous observation using an optical DIC microscope equipped with digital camera, video camera and printer. After 24 hours of incubation, fertilized eggs became 32-celled stage of development. Before hatching, many chromatophores (mostly black) were evident in the abdominal segments and the telson of embryos. At the end of 16 days incubation, the zoea larvae were successfully hatched out, which were reared in the laboratory conditions for further development.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15400Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 49-54

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