Bioenergetics of a Sand Goby (Gobius minutus) Population

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Sand Goby ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Active Metabolism ◽  
Gonad Growth ◽  
Parameters Analysis ◽  
Routine Metabolism

This paper describes utilization of ingested energy by a population of sand gobies (Gobius minutus) in the Ythan estuary, Scotland, from November 1966 to March 1969. After metamorphosis (July) the gobies survived about 22 months, and their life could be divided into five stages: somatic growth (July–November); gonad growth (November–February); reproduction (February–June); more somatic growth (June–October); and further gonad growth (October–December). I calculated energy budgets for each stage from the relation:[Formula: see text]where: I = ingested calories; M = calories of metabolism; G = calories of growth.Since I had measures of ingestion, growth, and routine oxygen consumption, I hoped to predict active metabolism by the energy ingested not accounted for in growth and routine metabolism. In fact, 0.8I either equalled the sum of growth and routine metabolism or was much too little to explain predicted expenditures for these parameters. Analysis of published feeding and growth studies in fish indicated that energy imbalances of this sort at low rations are general and that fish seem able to shunt more energy into growth when on a restricted ration than one would predict from studies of standard oxygen consumption. This result together with earlier analyses of Paloheimo and Dickie (1966) indicate that energy budgets for natural populations not based on accurate natural ingestion rates are at best only crude approximations.

scholarly journals Use of metabolism and swimming activity to evaluate the sublethal toxicity of surfactant (LAS-C12) on Mugil platanus

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edison Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Sublethal Toxicity ◽  
Active Metabolism ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Routine Metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of the LAS-C12 on Mugil platanus (mullet). Fishes exposed to 1.0 mg.L-1 for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours presented significant increase in specific routine metabolism. At the concentration of 0.5 mgL-1, the active metabolism presented a decreasing trend from 48 h of exposure on. However, only the consumption averages for 72 h were statistically different from the ones obtained for other periods of exposure. The lowest oxygen consumption in this concentration was observed for 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure. Significant differences between the control and the concentration of 2.5 mgL-1 were observed for the different periods of exposure. It was not possible to measure the consumption of oxygen for 96 and 120 h, because the fishes got tired in less than one minute after they were placed in the respirometer. The time of swimming until exhausted for fish exposed to 2.5 mgL-1 of LAS-C12 for 24 h was 8 minutes. Following 72 hours of exposure to this concentration, the fish got exhausted after 3 minutes.

Timing and Magnitude of Energy Deposition and Loss in the Body, Liver, and Gonads of Northern Pike (Esox lucius)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Diana ◽  
W. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Esox Lucius ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Pike Esox Lucius ◽  
Testicular Growth ◽  
Gonad Growth ◽  
Somatic Energy

Northern pike (Esox lucius) were sampled periodically from Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, between March 1976 and September 1978. The yearly cycle of production and depletion was determined for individual 3-yr-old fish. Body growth in length was similar for both sexes, and occurred during the summer. Somatic caloric growth was completed during the summer by females, while male somatic growth continued over winter. Gonad growth began in August; testicular growth was completed by September while ovarian growth occurred mainly during winter. There was no loss of somatic energy during ovary growth. Energy requirements for testicular growth appeared to come from liver stores. Both sexes lost considerable somatic energy between March and May, the spawning period; this loss appeared to be due to spawning activity and not late gonad growth. Young-of-year fish did not mature sexually and all of their energy accumulation went into somatic tissue. Total production in females from May to March was twice as high as production in males. Both sexes had similar yearly somatic production, while females had approximately 15 fold higher gonadal production than males. Key words: calories, growth, liver, gonad, somatic, Esox lucius, production, spawning depletion

scholarly journals Stoichiometric controls of mercury dilution by growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7477-7482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Karimi ◽  
Celia Y. Chen ◽  
Paul C. Pickhardt ◽  
Nicholas S. Fisher ◽  
Carol L. Folt
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Biokinetic Model ◽  
Ankistrodesmus Falcatus

Rapid growth could significantly reduce methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in aquatic organisms by causing a greater than proportional gain in biomass relative to MeHg (somatic growth dilution). We hypothesized that rapid growth from the consumption of high-quality algae, defined by algal nutrient stoichiometry, reduces MeHg concentrations in zooplankton, a major source of MeHg for lake fish. Using a MeHg radiotracer, we measured changes in MeHg concentrations, growth and ingestion rates in juvenile Daphnia pulex fed either high (C:P = 139) or low-quality (C:P = 1317) algae (Ankistrodesmus falcatus) for 5 d. We estimated Daphnia steady-state MeHg concentrations, using a biokinetic model parameterized with experimental rates. Daphnia MeHg assimilation efficiencies (≈95%) and release rates (0.04 d−1) were unaffected by algal nutrient quality. However, Daphnia growth rate was 3.5 times greater when fed high-quality algae, resulting in pronounced somatic growth dilution. Steady-state MeHg concentrations in Daphnia that consumed high-quality algae were one-third those of Daphnia that consumed low-quality algae due to higher growth and slightly lower ingestion rates. Our findings show that rapid growth from high-quality food consumption can significantly reduce the accumulation and trophic transfer of MeHg in freshwater food webs.

The Biology of an Ampeliscid Amphipod Crustacean Sibling Species Pair

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Feeding Type ◽  
Gonad Growth ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Amphipod Crustacean

The amphipod sibling species Ampelisca vadorum and A. abdita have an overwintering generation and a summer generation. Breeding begins above 8 C. In A. abdita, breeding is probably correlated with the full moon. Curves of growth in length are linear, except where growth slows in winter. Length–weight curves are exponential, and A. vadorum is slightly heavier than A. abdita at any given length. The slope of the length–weight curves is the same in both species. Growth in weight is not isometric; weight increases less rapidly than does length. In some allometric features the two species stop growth at different points on the same line, but other morphological features develop out of phase due to genetic differences in patterns of development. The two species differ in a number of biological features including egg size, metabolic contribution in egg production, relative gill area, and probably egg number. Reported "intersexes" are actually subadult males. The sex ratio in both species is always 1:1. Gonad growth and somatic growth have different temperature limits.Tubes, tube building, and feeding are described. Three major functional groups of ampeliscids show marked morphological adaptations to feeding type and sediment. Free swimming occurs at times of breeding, ensuring fertilization of eggs and dispersal of young to new and favourable environments.Ampelisca vadorum occurs on course sand, A. abdita on fine sand to mud. Range, temperature, and depth preferences of these and other North American Ampelisca species are outlined. The fauna associated with A. vadorum and A. abdita is described. The unique microtopography of Ampelisca areas affects the nature of the association. Ampelisca abdita is successful in a crowded environment because it grows fast and breeds early. Ecological, life history, and taxonomic evidence all indicate that A. vadorum and A. abdita are sibling species.

scholarly journals Too big to study? The biologging approach to understanding the behavioural energetics of ocean giants

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Y. Watanabe ◽  
Jeremy A. Goldbogen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Electronic Tags

ABSTRACT Wild animals are under selective pressure to optimise energy budgets; therefore, quantifying energy expenditure, intake and allocation to specific activities is important if we are to understand how animals survive in their environment. One approach toward estimating energy budgets has involved measuring oxygen consumption rates under controlled conditions and constructing allometric relationships across species. However, studying ‘giant’ marine vertebrates (e.g. pelagic sharks, whales) in this way is logistically difficult or impossible. An alternative approach involves the use of increasingly sophisticated electronic tags that have allowed recordings of behaviour, internal states and the surrounding environment of marine animals. This Review outlines how we could study the energy expenditure and intake of free-living ocean giants using this ‘biologging’ technology. There are kinematic, physiological and theoretical approaches for estimating energy expenditure, each of which has merits and limitations. Importantly, tag-derived energy proxies can hardly be validated against oxygen consumption rates for giant species. The proxies are thus qualitative, rather than quantitative, estimates of energy expenditure, and have more limited utilities. Despite this limitation, these proxies allow us to study the energetics of ocean giants in their behavioural context, providing insight into how these animals optimise their energy budgets under natural conditions. We also outline how information on energy intake and foraging behaviour can be gained from tag data. These methods are becoming increasingly important owing to the natural and anthropogenic environmental changes faced by ocean giants that can alter their energy budgets, fitness and, ultimately, population sizes.

Influence of Temperature on Energy Utilization of Embryonic and Prolarval Tautog, Tautoga onitis

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Normal Metabolism ◽  
Weight Method ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Critical Timing

When daily energy budgets were calculated by two methods for tautog, Tautoga onitis, from fertilization to complete yolk absorption at three temperatures (16, 19, and 22 C), neither method indicated a deficiency of yolk energy for growth and metabolism prior to exogenous feeding capability. Deficits were indicated on the day of feeding capability at all temperatures by the oxygen consumption method, the more precise but less inclusive of the two. The dry weight method, which gave the more conservative estimates, indicated no deficit for the entire period of yolk absorption at 16 C, a deficit one day after feeding capability at 19 C, and a deficit on the day of feeding capability at 22 C.Regression analysis of oxygen consumption indicated that 22 C may be in the upper temperature limits for normal metabolism by embryonic and prolarval tautog. Yolk utilization efficiencies and postlarval size at complete yolk absorption tended to be inversely related to temperature. The ecological implications and the effects of temperature on the critical timing involved in the interactions of feeding capability, availability of prey and occurrence of energy deficits are discussed.

Estimating the Energy Budgets of Actively Predatory Fishes

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Energy Accumulation ◽  
Surplus Energy ◽  
Bioenergetic Analysis ◽  
Growth Metabolism ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
Primary Advantage

Where estimates of surplus energy accumulation are available, bioenergetic analysis of fish in nature requires estimates of the associated ration or metabolic levels. The estimation procedure described here is based upon direct coupling of ration intake with the activity metabolism subcomponent of total metabolism. Its primary advantage over other estimation procedures is in its simple, generalized handling of activity metabolism. Application of the method is illustrated for natural populations of cod, Gadus morhua, and haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus.Key words: bioenergetics, growth, metabolism, rations, cod, haddock

How size relates to oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and ingestion rates in cold (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) and tropical (Octopus maya) octopus species

2009 ◽  
Vol 156 (8) ◽  
pp. 1547-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Farías ◽  
Iker Uriarte ◽  
Jorge Hernández ◽  
Soledad Pino ◽  
Cristina Pascual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Octopus Maya

scholarly journals Recent evolution of extreme cestode growth suppression by a vertebrate host

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (25) ◽  
pp. 6575-6580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse N. Weber ◽  
Natalie C. Steinel ◽  
Kum Chuan Shim ◽  
Daniel I. Bolnick
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
High Infection

Parasites can be a major cause of natural selection on hosts, which consequently evolve a variety of strategies to avoid, eliminate, or tolerate infection. When ecologically similar host populations present disparate infection loads, this natural variation can reveal immunological strategies underlying adaptation to infection and population divergence. For instance, the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus persistently infects 0–80% of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in lakes on Vancouver Island. To test whether these heterogeneous infection rates result from evolved differences in immunity, we experimentally exposed laboratory-reared fish from ecologically similar high-infection and no-infection populations to controlled doses of Schistocephalus. We observed heritable between-population differences in several immune traits: Fish from the naturally uninfected population initiated a stronger granulocyte response to Schistocephalus infection, and their granulocytes constitutively generate threefold more reactive oxygen species in cell culture. Despite these immunological differences, Schistocephalus was equally successful at establishing initial infections in both host populations. However, the no-infection fish dramatically suppressed tapeworm growth relative to high-infection fish, and parasite size was intermediate in F1 hybrid hosts. Our results show that stickleback recently evolved heritable variation in their capacity to suppress helminth growth by two orders of magnitude. Data from many natural populations indicate that growth suppression is widespread but not universal and, when present, is associated with reduced infection prevalence. Host suppression of helminth somatic growth may be an important immune strategy that aids in parasite clearance or in mitigating the fitness costs of persistent infection.

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